The Effect of Self-Regulated Strategy Education on the Writing Skills of Middle School Students

Tuncay Türkben

Abstract


This study was conducted to investigate the effect of education based on Self-Regulation Strategy Development Model on the writing skills development of 6th grade (middle school) students. In this study, a pretest-post-test, quasi-experimental method with control group was used. The sample of the study consists of 60 students enrolled in two public middle schools affiliated with Aksaray Central Provincial Directorate of National Education. These two schools were determined as experimental and control groups randomly. The implementation of the study, which included two groups designated as experimental and control groups, was completed in 12 weeks, 2 lesson hours per week. In the collection and evaluation of the data, narrative and informative texts written by students, the Attitude Towards Writing Scale (ATWS), the Self-Regulated Writing Scale (SRWS) and the Ranked Scoring Key for the Evaluation of Written Expression (RSKEWE) were used. SPSS 24 program was used to analyze the data. As a result of the study, it was seen that the experimental group students’ written expression skills, writing self-regulation skills and writing attitudes levels were significantly higher compared to the control group students’.

Keywords


Turkish Education, Writing Education, SRSD Model, Self-regulation Strategies, Attitude

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adıgüzel, A., & Orhan, A. (2017). The relation between English learning students’ levels of self-regulation and metacognitive skills and their english academic achievements. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(9), 115-125.

Aktan, S. (2012). The relationship between elementary school students’ academic achievements and their self-regulated learning skills, motivations and teachers’ instructional styles [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Balıkesir University, Institute of Social Sciences, Balıkesir.

Almazloum, M. (2018). A mixed methods study: The impact of self-regulated learning on L2 writing and strategy use. (Publication No. 5355) [Doctoral Thesis, The University of Western Ontario]. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5355

Altun, S. (2005). The ability of students' self-regulation-based learning strategies and perceptions of self-efficacy to predict mathematical success according to learning styles and gender [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Yıldız Technical University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.

Aregu, B. (2013). Enhancing self-regulated learning in teaching spoken communication: does it affect speaking efficacy and performance? Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 10(1), 96-109.

Arsal, Z. (2010). The effects of diaries on self-regulation strategies of preservice science teachers. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 5(1), 85-103.

Arslan, A. (2008). The effects of cooperative learning on achievement, retention, self efficacy beliefs, and self regulation skills [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Hacettepe University, Ankara.

Arslantas, S., & Kurnaz, A. (2017). The effect of using self-monitoring strategies in social studies course on self-monitoring, self-regulation and academic achievement. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 3(2), 452-463. DOI: 10.21890/ijres.327905

Aydın, S., Keskin, M.Ö., & Yel, M. (2013). Turkish adaptation of the self-regulation questionnaire: A study on validity and reliability. TURJE Turkish Journal of Education, 3(1), 24-33.

Aydın, S.,& Atalay, T. D. (2015). Öz- düzenlemeli öğrenme. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

Bandura, A. (2000). I processi di mediazione tra l’autoefficacia e i suoi effetti. Trento: Erickson.

Bal, M. (2018). Investigation on the 21st century skills of Turkish language course. Turkish Studies, 13(4), 49-64.

Balsamo, A. M. (2019). Effects of self-regulated strategy development on the writing performance and sense of self-efficacy of postsecondary english language learners [Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis]. University of Toronto.

Bayat, N. (2019). Yazma modelleri. N. Bayat (Ed.), Yazma ve eğitimi içinde (s.9–46). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.

Berry, A. B., & Mason, L. H. (2012). The effects of self-regulated strategy development on the writing of expository essays for adults with written expression difficulties preparing for the GED. Remedial and Special Education, 33(2), 124-136.

Cabı, E., & Yalın, H.İ. (2011).The effect of blended learning based on self-regulated on students’ motivation. Journal of Educational Technology Theory and Practice (ETTP), 1(1), 125-141.

Can, B. (2016). The effect of education model based on self-regulated strategy development on improving story writing skills [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Gazi University, Ankara.

Can, E., & Topçuoğlu Ünal, F. (2017). Attitude scale towards writing for secondary school students: The study of validity and reliability. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(3), 203-212.

Celikkaleli, O., & Yildirim, K.(2015). Adaptation of perceived self-regulatory efficacy scale for writing into Turkish language. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(4), 223 – 236, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2015.04.015

Cera, R., Mancini, M., & Antonietti, A. (2013). Relationships between metacognition, self-efficacy and self-regulation in learning. Journal of Educational Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS Journal), 7, 115-141.

Chalk, J. C., Hagan-Burke, S., & Burke, M. D. (2005). The effects of self-regulated strategy development on the writing process for high school student with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 28, 75-87.

Çağlayan Dilber, N. (2014). The effect of self regulated strategy development model on secondary school students' argumentative texts [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Ankara University, Ankara.

Dabbagh N., & Kitsantas, A. (2012). Personal learning environments, social media, and self-regulated learning: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning. Internet and Higher Education, 15, 3-8.

De La Paz, S., & Graham, S. (1997). Strategy instruction in planning: Effects on the writing performance and behavior of students with learning difficulties. Exceptional Children, 63(2), 167-181.

De La Paz, S. (1999). Self-regulated strategy ınstruction in regular education settings: Improving outcomes for students with and without learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 14, 92-106.

De La Paz, S. (2001). Stop and dare: A persuasive writing strategy. Intervention in School and Clinic, 36(4), 234-243.

De La Paz, S., & Graham, S. (2002). Explicitly teaching strategies, skills, and knowledge: Writing instruction in middle school classrooms. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 687-698.

Dent, A. L., & Koenka, A. C. (2016). The relation between self-regulated learning and academic achievement across childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 28(3), 425–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9320-8

Dignath, C., Buettner, G., & Langfeldt, H. (2008). How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively? A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programmes. Educational Research Review, 3, 101–129.

Dilidüzgün, Ş. (2020). Süreç ve tür odaklı okuma ve yazma eğitimi. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.

Dirkes, M. Ann. (1985). Metacognition: students in charge of their thinking. Roeper Review, 8, 96–100.

Doostian, Y., Fattahi, S., Goudini, A.A., A’zami, Y., Massah, O., & Daneshmand, R. (2014). The effectiveness of self-regulation in students’ academic achievement motivation. Research Papers, 4(2), 237-246.

Dursun-Sürmeli, Z., & Ünver, G. (2017). The relationship between mathematics achievement, self-regulated learning strategies, epistemological beliefs and academic self-concept. Turkish Journal of Computer andMathematics Education, 8(1), 83-102.

Eissa, M. A. (2009). The effectiveness of a program based on self-regulated strategy development on the writing skills of writing-disabled secondary school students. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 17(1), 2-24.

El-Sakka, S. M. F. (2016). Self-regulated strategy instruction for developing speaking proficiency and reducing speaking anxiety of Egyptian university students. English Language Teaching, 9(12), 22-33.

Escorcia, D., Passerault, J. M., Ros, C., & Pylouster, J. (2017). Profiling writers: Analysis of writing dynamics among college students. Metacognition and Learning, 12(2), 233–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11409-016-9166-6.

Festas, I., Oliveira, A. L, Rebelo, J. A. , Damião, M. H., Harris, K., & Graham, S. (2015). Professional development in self-regulated strategy development: Effects on the writing performance of eighth grade Portuguese students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 40, 17-27.

Fischer, K. L. (2002). Learning to write in elementary school: development of self-regulated writing in six young writers [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. University of Maryland College Park.

Glaser, C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2007). Improving fourth-grade students’ composition skills: Effects of strategy instruction and self-regulation procedures, Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 297-310.

Glogger, I., Schwonke, R., Holzäpfel, L., Nückles, M., & Renkl, A. (2012). Learning strategies assessed by journal writing: Prediction of learning outcomes by quantity, quality, and combinations of learning strategies. Journal of educational psychology, 104(2), 452.

Gouin, R. D. (2012). The relationship between learning self-regulation skills and improved performance in reading and language arts for middle school students [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Walden University, United States.

Graham, S., Harris, K.R., & Reid, R. (1992). Developing self-regulated learners. Focus on Exceptional Children, 24, 1-16.

Graham, S., Harris, K. R., & Mason, L. (2005). Improving the writing performance, knowledge, and self-efficacy of struggling young writers: The effects of self-regulated strategy development. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30(2), 207-241.

Graham, S., & MacArthur, C. (1988). Improving learning disabled students' skills at revising essays produced on a word processor: Self-instructional strategy training. Journal of Special Education, 22, 133-152.

Graham, S., & Harris, K. (2003). Students with learning disabilities and the process of writing: A meta-analysis of RSD studies. In L. Swanson, K. Harris, & S. Graham (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning disabilities (pp. 323–344). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (2005). Writing Better Effective Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning Difficlties. London: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.

Graham, S. (2006). Strategy instruction and the teaching of writing: A meta-analysis. In C. A. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fritzgerald (Eds.), Handbook of writing research (pp. 187-207). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Graham, S., McKeown, D., Kiuhara, S., & Harris, K. (2012). A meta-analysis of writing instruction for students in the elementary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 879–896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029185.

Güneş, F. (2014). Türkçe öğretimi yaklaşımlar ve modeller. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

Güneyli, A. (2016). Analyzing writing anxiety level of Turkish Cypriot students. Education and Science, 41(183), 163-180.

Güvenç, H. (2010). Effects of cooperative learning and lesson diaries on preservice teachers’ self-regulated learning. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(3), 1459–1487.

Harris, K. R., & Pressley, M. (1991). The nature of cognitive strategy instruction: interactive strategy construction. Exceptional Children, 57, 392-405.

Harris, K. R., Schmidt, T., & Graham, S. (1997). Strategies for composition and self-regulation in the writing process. University of Maryland, reprinted with permission from Teaching Every Child Every Day: Learning in Diverse Schools and Classrooms.

Harris, K. R., & Graham, S. (1999). Programmatic intervention research: illustrations from the evolution of self regulated strategy development. Learning Disabilities Quarterly, 22, 251-262.

Harris, K. R., Graham, S., Mason, L. H., & Saddler, B. (2002). Developing self-regulated writers. Theory into practice, 41(2), 110-115.

Harris, K. R. (2005). Helping young students become self regulated writers İnformation for eduvators, 1-4. McGraw Hill Companies.

Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Mason, L. H. (2006). Improving the writing, knowledge, and motivation of struggling young writers: Effects of self-regulated strategy development with and without peer support. American Educational Research Journal, 43(2), 295-340.

Harris, K. R., Graham, S., Mason, L. H., & Friedlander, B. (2008). Powerful writing strategies for all students. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.

Hashempour, M., & Ghonsooly, B. (2015). A Study of Translation Students' Self-Regulation and Metacognitive Awareness in Association with their Gender and Educational Level. International Journal of Comparative Literature & Translation Studies, 3(3), 60-69. doi:10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.3n.3p.60

Hatami, A. (2015). The effect of collaborative learning and selfassessment on self-regulation. Educational Research and Reviews, 10(15), 2164-2167. DOI: 10.5897/ERR2015.2349

Jacobson, L., & Reid R. (2007). Self Regulated Strategy Development for written expression: Is it effective for adolescents?. EBP Briefs, 2(3), 1-13.

Karaoğlan Yılmaz, F. G., Olpak, Y.S., & Yılmaz, R. (2018). The effect of the metacognitive support via pedagogical agent on self-regulation skills. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(2), 159–180. DOI: 10.1177/0735633117707696

Karasar, N. (2017). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Akademik.

Kaya, D. (2019). Predicting seventh grade students’ mathematics achievements: The role of metacognitive awareness, motivation and, self-regulated learning strategies. OMU Journal of Education Faculty, 38(1), 1-18.

Kayıran, B.K. (2014). The effects of self regulated learning on the academic achievement of reading comprehension, self-regulatory skills and reading strategies [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Çukurova University, Adana.

Kocdar, S., Karadeniz, A., Bozkurt, A., & Buyuk, K. (2018). Measuring self-regulation in self-paced open and distance learning environments. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(1), 25-43.

Koç. A., & Gömleksiz, M.N. (2009). Self-regulation strategies and moodle. III. International Symposium of Computer Education and Instructional Technologies. (November 7th-8th-9th ) K.T.U. Proceedings Book, Trabzon, 195-197.

Kuyumcu Vardar, A., & Arsal Z. (2014). Öz-düzenleme stratejileri öğretiminin öğrencilerin İngilizce başarılarına ve tutumlarına etkisi. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi, 2(3), 32-52.

Lienemann, T. O., & Reid, R. (2006). Self-regulated strategy development for students with learning disabilities. Teacher Education and Special Education, 29 (1), 3-11.

Mahjoob, E. (2015). Self-regulation and speaking proficiency in Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Language, Linguistics and Literature, 1(6), 182-188.

Mareschal, C. (2007). Student perceptions of a self-regulatory approach to second language listening comprehension development [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Ottawa, Canada.

Mason, L. H. (2002). Self-regulated strategy instruction: Effects on expository reading comprehension among students who struggle with reading [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Maryland: University of Maryland.

Mason, L. H., Snyder, H. K., Sukhram D. P., & Kedem, Y. (2006). TWA+PLANS Strategies for expository reading and writing: Effects for nine fourth-grade students. Exceptional Children, 50, 69-89.

Mason, L. H., & Shriner, J. G. (2008). Self-regulated strategy development instruction for writing an opinion essay: Effects for six students with emotional/behavior disorders. Reading and Writing, 21(1-2), 71-93.

MEB. (2019). Türkçe dersi (1-8. sınıflar) öğretim programı. Ankara: Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.

Milford, T., & Harrison, G. L. (2010). Using the PLEASE strategy with a struggling middle school writer with a disability, Intervention in School and Clinic, 45(5), 326-332.

Müldür, M. (2017). The effect of self-regulated writing instruction on middle school students’ informative writing skills, self-regulated writing skills, and self-efficacy perception [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Gazi University, Ankara.

Müldür, M., & Yalçın, A. (2019). The effect of self-regulated writing instruction on middle schoolstudents’ informative writing skills, self-regulated writing skills, and self-efficacy perception. Elementary Education Online, 18(4), 1779-1804, doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2019.639323

Negretti, R., & McGrath, L. (2018). Scaffolding genre knowledge and metacognition: Insights from an L2 doctoral research writing course. Journal of Second Language Writing, 40, 12-31.

Özbay, A. (2008). The relationships among the use of self-regulatory skills and achievement in second language writing [Doctoral of dissertation], Hacettepe University, Ankara.

Pintrich, P.R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33-40.

Platt, K. E.(2016). Developing metacognitive and self-regulated learning skills through reflective writing prompts. DMA [Doctoral thesis of Musical Arts], University of Iowa.https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.9m0bstjb

Pritchard, R. J., & Honeycutt, R. L. (2007). Best practices in ımplementing a process approach to teaching writing. In S. Graham, C. A. Macarthur & J. Fitzgerald,(Ed.), Best Practices in Writing Instruction (pp. 28-49). New York, NY: The Guilford Press

Rogers, L. A., & Graham, S. (2008). A meta-analysis of single subject design writing intervention research. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 879–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.100.4.879.

Saddler, B., Moran, S., Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (2004). Preventing writing difficulties: The effects of planning strategy instruction on the writing performance of struggling writers. Exceptionality, 12(1), 3-17.

Saddler, B. (2006). Increasing story-writing ability through self-regulated strategy development: Effects on young writers with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 29(4), 291-305.

Saddler, B., & Asaro, K. (2007). Increasing story quality through planning and revising effects on young writers with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 30(4), 223-234.

Santangelo, T., Harris, K., R., & Graham, S. (2008). Using self-regulated strategy development to support students who have “trubol giting thangs into werds.” Remedial and Special Education, 29 (2), 78-89.

Salvador de Arana, N. (2018). Improving self-regulation for learning in EFL writing in secondary education in blended environments [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona.

Schraw, G., Crippen, K.J., & Hartley, K. (2006). Promoting self-regulation in science education: Metacognition as part of a broader perspective on learning. Research in Science Education, 36, 111–139. DOI: 10.1007/s11165-005-3917-8

Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2007). Influencing children’s self-efficacy and self-regulation of reading and writing through modeling. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 23(1), 7-25.

Sexton, M., Harris, K. R., & Graham, S. (1998). Self-Regulated strategy development and the writing process: effects on essay writing and attributions. Exceptional Children, 64(3), 295-311.

Sever, E. (2019). The impact of collaborative learning on written expression, self regulation skill and writing motivation. Doctoral of dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.

Sieben, N. (2013). Writing hope, self-regulation, & self-efficacy. [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Hofstra University, New York.

Soureshjani, K. (2011). Self-regulation and motivation reconsideration through Persian EFL Learners' writing achievement. Journal of Research Humanities, 11, 55-80.

Souvignier, E., & Mokhlesgerami, J. (2006). Using self-regulation as a framework for implementing strategy instruction to foster reading comprehension. Learning and Instruction, 16, 57-71.

Sönmez, V., & Alacapınar, F. G. (2013). Örneklendirilmiş bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.

Sperger, D. R. (2010). An exploratory pretest and posttest investigation of the effects of the effects of the self-regulated strategy development approach to writing instruction on middle school boys’ writing achievement [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. University of Hartford, Hartford, CT.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.), Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Talan, T., & Gülseçen, S. (2018). Evaluation of the students' self-regulation skills and perceived selfEfficacy in flipped classroom and blended learning environments. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 9(3), 563-580, DOI: 10.16949/turkbilmat.403618

Tılfarlıoğlu, F. Y., & Delbesoğlugil, A.B.Ö. (2014). Questioning academic success through selfregulation, self-esteem and attitude in foreign language learning (A Case Study), Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(11), 2223- 2230. doi:10.4304/tpls.4.11.2223-2230

Tolaman, T.D. (2017). Self-regulated strategy development model for the development of writing skills: An action research [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Sakarya University, Sakarya.

Tracy, B., Reid, R., & Graham, S. (2009). Teaching young students strategies for planning and drafting stories: the ımpact of self-regulated strategy development. The Journal of Educational Research, 102(5), 323-331.

Turan, S., & Demirel, Ö. (2010). The relationship between self-regulated learning skills and achievement: A case from Hacettepe University Medical School. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Journal, 38, 279-291.

Turkben, T. (2019). The effect of self-regulation based strategic reading education on comprehension, motivation, and self-regulation skills. International Journal of Progressive Education, 15(4), 27-46. doi: 10.29329/ijpe.2019.203.3

Türkben, T. (2021). Examination of classroom writing practices in the context of process-based approach to teaching writing. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(Special Issue 1), 619-644.

Türkben, T. (2021a). The relationship between fifth grade student’s writing anxiety and blocking with their written expression skills. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 8(2). 998-1021.

Uyar, Y. (2015). Development of self regulated reading skills and its impact on comprehension [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Gazi University, Ankara.

Uygun, M. (2012). The effects of self regulated strategy development on writing expression, self regulation of writing, retention and writing attitude [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Hacettepe University, Ankara.

Üredi, I., & Erden, M. (2009).Perceived parenting styles as predictor of students’ self-regulated learning strategies and motivatıonal beliefs. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences (JTES), 7(4), 781-811.

Üredi, I., & Üredi L. (2005). To what extent elementary school 8th-grade students’ self-regulation strategies and motivational beliefs predict their mathematical achievements. Mersin University Faculty of Education Journal, 1(2), 250-260.

Welch, M. (1992). The PLEASE strategy: A metacognitive learning strategy for improving the paragraph writing of students with mild learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 15, 119-127.

Winne, P. H. (1996). A metacognitive view of individual differences in self- regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 5(4), 327-353.

Winne, P. H. (1995). Inherent details in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 309, 173-188.

Winne, P.H. & Perry, N.E. (2000). Measuring self-regulated learning. In P. Pintrich, M. Boekaerts & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 531-566). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Yalçın, A. (2018). Son bilimsel gelişmeler ışığında Türkçenin öğretimi yöntemleri. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları.

Yalçın, A., & Karadeniz, A. (2016). Relationship between the writing quality and self-regulation skills of secondary education students. TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, Special Issue for INTE 2016, 345-354.

Yıldızlı, H., & Saban, A. (2016). The effect of self-regulated learning on sixth-grade Turkish students’ mathematics achievements and motivational beliefs. Cogent Education, 3(1), 1212456, 1-17. DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2016.1212456

Yüksel, İ. (2013). Öğretimsel stil tercihlerinin öz-düzenleme beceri düzeylerini yordama gücü. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, 212-229.

Zeng, Y., & Goh, C.C. M. (2018). A self-regulated learning approach to extensive listening and its impact on listening achievement and metacognitive awareness. SSLLT, 8(2), 193-218 doi: 10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.2.2

Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2007). A writer’s discipline: The development of self-regulatory skill. P. Boscolo & S. Hidi (Eds.), Writing and motivation (pp. 51-69), Oxford: Elsevier.

Zimmerman, B., & Riesemberg, R. (1997). Becoming a self-regulated writer: A social cognitive perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22, 73–101. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1997.0919

Zimmerman, B. J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1986). Development of a structured interview for assessing student use of self-regulated learning strategies. American Educational Research Journal, 23(4), 614-628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/00028312023004614

Zumbrunn, S. & Bruning, R. (2013). Improving the writing and knowledge of emergent writers: The effects of self-regulated strategy development. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 26(1), 91-110.

Zumbrunn, S. (2010). Nurturing students’ writing knowledge, self-regulation, attitudes, and self-efficacy: the effects of self-regulated strategy development [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.9n.2p.52

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2013-2024 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies  

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.