Shared Narrative – Analysis on Finnish Socio-Educational Policy and National Broadcasting (YLE) Literacy during COVID-19 Variants 2021

Jyrki Loima

Abstract


This case study analyzed the Finnish National Broadcasting Company (YLE) literacy on socio-educational policies during the alpha and delta variant strategic turns 2021. The data comprised YLE releases, interdisciplinary global research, pandemic literacies, and statements of politicians/officials. Limitations occurred mainly in the data plenitude. Alpha variant caused socio-political responses maneuvered by politicians and officials. YLE supported without socially participating, competence-enhancing or motivating civic information. NPIs were linked to the political promises of national pandemic end during the summer. International pandemic studies were excluded from nationalized narrative, in which YLE strategically emphasized mutual experience, shared story, and approaching happy end. In August 2021, previously promised “liberation” was too close to change the narrative. Instead of delta mitigation, officials and politicians fortified the narrative towards the end. YLE conducted a closing story. Releases replaced international studies and responses with a small circle of domestic experts, who repeated the narrative they previously had manifested. No NPIs occurred, but remaining ones were lifted despite the rising incidence numbers. Conclusively, the lacking research in the YLE contributions indicated the absence of research literacy among politicians and reporters. Consequently, occurring sidetracks used modern nationalism rhetoric, supporting the main narrative. Children’s ‘absolute’ right was on-site schooling, regardless of safety research or practices developed abroad. In further studies, the post-pandemic status and goals of Finnish education need comparative reassessments other than a “trust”.

Keywords


Socio-Educational Policy, National Narrative, Covid-19 Literacy, Strategy, Reliability

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahonen, S. (2021). Kiistelty oppivelvollisuus. In J. Säntti L. Kemppinen A. Nevala A. Saari S. Kotilainen & K. Paananen (Eds.), Koulut ja menneisyys, Kasvatuksen ja koulutuksen historian vuosikirja Vol 58 (pp. 8-37). [Schools and the Past. Yearbook of education and schooling history], https://journal.fi/koulujamenneisyys/article/view/102429/65198

Andersson, L. (n.d.) (@liandersson). Tweets May 31, 2020 – November 24, 2021.

Anttiroiko, A. V. (2021). Successful Government Responses to the Pandemic: Contextualizing National and Urban Responses to the COVID-19 Outbreak in East and West. Int. J. E-Planning Res. 10, 1–17 https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEPR.20210401.oa1

Bagheri, G., Thiere, B., Hejazi, B., Schlenczek, O., & Bodenschatz, E. (2021). An upper bound on one-to-one exposure to infectious human respiratory particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(49), 118 (49), https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110117118

Boffey, D. (2021, December 7). WHO Europe: jab young children to cut COVID risk for Christmas. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/07/who-europe-jab-young-children-to-cut-COVID-risk-at-christmas

Bland, J. A., Edgerton, A. K., O’Neal, D., & Ondrasek, N., (2021). Tulsa public schools: Prioritizing physical, social, and emotional safety to support reopening and recovery. Learning Policy Institute [e-Brief]. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/safe-school-reopening-tulsa-brief

Blom, J., & Kataja. M. (2021, December 2). Lasten tartuntoja yhä enemmän. Tehohoidon kuormitus jatkuu [Children’s infections keep on increasing, ICUs pressured...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12213324

Bramble, B. (2020). Pandemic ethics. 8 big questions of COVID-19 [e-book edition]. Bartleby Books. https://phil-papers.org/archive/BRAPE-7.pdf

Breslin, T. (2021). Lessons from lockdown. Routledge.

Briggs, D., Ellis, A., Lloyd, A., & Telford, L. (2020). New hope or old futures in disguise? Neoliberalism, the COVID -19 pandemic and the possibility for social change. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, (IJSSP-07-2020-0268, 40(9/10), 831-848. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-07-2020-0268

British Broadcasting Company (BBC, 2021b, October 14). What’s the *Winter Plan’ and what are the rules across the UK? https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-52530518

Brown, N., Te Riele, K., Shelley, B., & Woodroffe, J. (2020). Learning at home during COVID-19: Effects on vulnerable young Australians. Independent Rapid Response Report. Hobart, Australia: Peter Underwood Centre for Educational Attainment, University of Tasmania. https://apo.org.au

Callagher, J. (2020, December 20). New coronavirus variant: what do we know? https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55388846

Campbell, N. (2020, March 12). How K-12 Schools Should Prepare for Coronavirus. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/education-k-12

Cable News Network (CNN, 2021, October 14). The latest on COVID-19 in the US. https://edition.cnn.com/us/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-updates-09-13-21/index.html

Capron, A.M. (2007). Ethical Issues in Pandemic Planning and Response. In S. M. Lemon M.A. Hamburg P.F. Sparling E.R. Choffnes & A. Mack (Eds). .), Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary [e-book edition] (pp. 157-201). National Academies Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54167/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK54167.pdf

Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. J. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncology nursing forum, 41(5), 545–547. https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.545-547

CDC, (2021, July 7th). Science brief: Transmission of SARS-Cov-2 in K-12 schools and early care and education programmes - updated. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/transmission_k_12_schools.html#in-person

Chenowith, N.H. (2014). Culturally Responsive Pedagogy and Cultural Scaffolding in Literacy Education. The Ohio Reading Teacher, 44, 35.

Chernozhukov, V., Kasahara, H. & Schrimpf, P. (2021). The association of opening K–12 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (42). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103420118

Crawford, N. (2020). Supporting student wellbeing during COVID-19: Tips from regional and remote Australia. National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education. https://www.ncsehe.edu.au/student-wellbeing-COVID-19-regional-remote-australia/

Darling-Hammond, L., Edgerton, A.K., Truong, N., & Cookson Jnr, P.W. (2020). Restarting and reinventing school: Learning in the time of COVID and beyond. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/sites/default/files/product-files/Restart_Reinvent_Schools_COVID_Priority2_Distance_Learning.pdf

Darling-Hammond, L. (2021, Aug 31). Ending the Masking Wars: The Path to Ensuring Our Children Are Safe and Well-Educated This Year. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/blog/COVID-ending-masking-wars-ensuring-children-safe-well-educated

Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen M. D. (2021). Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Apr 2021, 118 (17). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022376118

European Center of Disease and Prevention Control (EDCD). (2021a, September 8). Questions and answers on COVID-19: Children aged 1-18 and the role of school settings. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/COVID-19/questions-answers/questions-answers-school-transmission

EDCD. (2021b, October 7). Variants of concerns as of 7th October. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/COVID-19/variants-concern

ECDC. (2021c, December 2). Data on SARS-Cov-2 variants. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/data-virus-variants-COVID-19-eueea

Fimlab (n.d.). @fimlab1. Tweet July 30, 2021.

Flack, C. B., Walker, L., Bickerstaff, A., Earle, H., & Margetts, C. (2020a). Educator perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on teaching and learning in Australia and New Zealand. Melbourne, Australia: Pivot Professional Learning. https://www.pivotpl.com/wp-content

Flack, C. B., Walker, L., Bickerstaff, A., & Margetts, C. (2020b). Socioeconomic disparities in Australian schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic. Melbourne, Australia: Pivot Professional Learning [e-book PDF]. https://pivotpl.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Pivot_Socioeconomic-disparities-in-Australian-schooling-during-COVID-19_1July2020.pdf

Folkhälsomyndigheten (FHM) (2021, November 27). Information till föreskola, grundskola och gymnasieskola [Information for pre-schools, basic and secondary education]. https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/smittskydd-beredskap/utbrott/aktuella-utbrott/COVID-19/verksamheter/information-till-skola-och-forskola-om-den-nya-sjukdomen-COVID-19/

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.

Frilander, J., Strömberg, J., & Tolkki, K. (2021, January 25): Hallitus kertoi suunnitelmansa koronaviruksen pysäyttämiseksi. [Government told about its plan to stop the COVID virus...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11754271

Frängsmyr, T. (2006). Universities, Research and Politics: The Avoidance of Anachronism. In: K. Blückert G. Neave & T. Nybom (Eds.), The European Research University. Issues in Higher Education (pp. 61-62). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10079-5_5

Government Programme (GovP) (2019). Programme of Prime Minister Sanna Marin’s government 2019, https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/marin/government-programme

Gurdasani D., Drury J., Greenhalgh T., Griffin S., Haque Z., Hyde Z., Katzourakis A., McKee, M., Michie, S., Pagel, Ch., Reicher, S. Roberts, A. West, R., & Ziauddeen H. (2021). Mass infection is not an option: we must do more to protect our young. The Lancet, 398(10297), 297-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01589-0

Haapanen, M., Renko, M., Artama, M., & Kuitunen, I. (2021). The impact of the lockdown and the re-opening of schools and day cares on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections in children – A nationwide register study in Finland. EClinicalMedicine, 34, 100807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100807

Hara, J. (2021, October 7). PM Marin: emme ole vapauttaneet yhteiskuntaa liian aikaisin [PM Marin: we haven’t liberated the society too soon]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12132190

Harjumaa, M. (2021, October 16). Koronarajoituksia puretaan – varsinkin riskiryhmien ja ikääntyneiden syytä olla tarkkana...[COVID restrictions released – risk groups and elderly should be careful...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12142338

Harjumaa, M., Koivisto M., & Blomqvist, S. (2021, February 25). Suomeen kolmen viikon sulkutila, hallitus toteaa poikkeusolot – lue tästä päivän käänteet [Finland into three weeks of closure, Government announces exceptional circumstances – read here]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11808721

Heikkonen, T., & Kähkönen, S. (2021, October 25). Kouluihin palataan syyslomalta ilman maskeja...[Back to schools after mid-term break without masks...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12156424

Hobsbawm, E. (2012). Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (Eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Canto Classics, pp. 1-14). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107295636.001

Hyytinen, T. (2021, October 21). Kun koronavirus valtasi planeetan ja Suomen, meiltä puuttuu B-suunnitelma - parhaat asiantuntijat kertovat, mitkä 9 asiaa..[When COVID conquered the planet and Finland, there was no plan B – best experts tell, what were the 9 lessons...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12150242

Hämäläinen, V-P. (2021, February 25). Professori: hallitus jätti oven auki uusille, tiukemmille rajoituksille. [Professor: The Government left the door open for harder restrictions...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11809054

Häyry, M. (2021). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Healthcare Crisis Leadership as Ethics Communication. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 30(1), 42-50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32438949/

IIvonen, E. & Pollari, K. (2021). Lapsivaikutusten arvioinnin käsikirja lainvalmistelijoille. [Handbook on child impact assessment for legislators]. Publications of Prime Minister’s Office. https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/163343/VNK_2021_5.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Inkinen, J. (2021, June 8). Median ja koronavuoden kuherruskuukausi ohi [The honeymoon of media and COVID year is over]. https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2021/06/08/janna-inkinen-median-ja-koronavuoden-kuherruskuukausi-on-ohi

Jansen, M., Irving, H., Gillam, L., Sharwood, E., Preisz, A., Basu, S., Delaney, C., McDougall, R., Johnston, C., Isaacs, D., & Lister, P. (2020). Ethical considerations for paediatrics during the COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion paper from the Australian Paediatric Clinical Ethics Collaboration. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 56(6), 847–851. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.14946

Jaskari, K., & Suikkanen, P. (2021, December 13). THL:n Mika Salminen pitää Norjan koronaennusteita hurjina... [Mika Salminen from THL regards Norwegian COVID models “wild”...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12228401

Juutinen, A., Sarvikivi, E., Laukkanen-Nevala, P., & Helve, O. (2021). Closing lower secondary schools had no impact on COVID-19 incidence in 13–15-year-olds in Finland. Epidemiology and Infection, 149, E233. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34698006/

Kajander, R. (2021, March 4). Marin A-talkissa koronatoimien valmistelusta...[PM Marin in A-talk show about new COVID restriction preparations]...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11821803

Karppi, T, (2021a, August 1). Oletko lomasi jälkeen pihalla koronarajoituksista? Kokosimme pahimpien alueiden rajoitukset...[Are you outdated about COVID restrictions? We collected restrictions from the worst regions...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12040257

Karppi, T. (2021b, October 14). Oppilaiden ei tavitse enää syysloman jälkeeen käyttää maskia pääkaupunkiseudun kouluissa tai oppilaitoksissa [Students/pupils don’t anymore need to wear masks after autumn mid-term holidays in capital region schools and institutions], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12141618

Keski-Heikkilä (2021, December 13). “Norjasta loppuisivat ihmiset”, THL:n Salminen ihmettelee norjalaisarvioita...[“Norway wound run out of people”, Mika Salminen, THL, wonders the Norwegian models...], https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008472868.html

Kuitunen, I., Artama, M., Mäkelä, L. Backman, K., Heiskanen-Kosma, T., & Renko, M. (2020). Effect of Social Distancing Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Incidence of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children in Finland during Early 2020, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal: Vol. 39(12), p. e423-e427, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32773660/

Kuitunen, I., & Renko, M. (2021). Lessons to learn from the current pandemic for future non-pharmaceutical interventions against the respiratory syncytial virus – nationwide register-study in Finland. Infectious diseases. 53(6) 476-478, https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2021.1894351

Lam-Hine T., McCurdy S.A., Santora L., Duncan, L., Corbett-Detig, R., Kapusinszky, B. & Willis, M. (2021). Outbreak Associated with SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant in an Elementary School — Marin County, California, May–June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly, 70 (1214–1219). http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7035e2

Lavonen J., & Salmela-Aro K. (2022). Experiences of Moving Quickly to Distance Teaching and Learning at All Levels of Education in Finland. In: Reimers F.M. (Eds.), Primary and Secondary Education during COVID-19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81500-4_4

Linnanmäki E. (2005). Espanjantauti Suomessa. Influenssapandemia 1918–1920. Bibliotheca Historica 95. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.

Liveriero, F. (2020). Epistemic Injustice in the Political Domain: Powerless Citizens and Institutional Reform. Ethic Theory Moral Practice, 23(797–813). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-020-10097-w

Loima, J. (2021). Equity vs. Ethic Literacy – Socio-Educational Dilemma in the Case of Pandemic Finland, Autumn 2020. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 9(2), 2-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.9n.2p.2

Loima, J. (2020). Socio-Educational Policies and COVID-19 – A Case Study on Finland and Sweden in the Spring 2020. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 8(3), 59-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.8n.3p.59

Loima, J. (2006). Myytit, uskomukset ja kansa: johdanto moderniin nationalismiin Suomessa 1809-1918. [Myths, Beliefs, and People. Introduction to modern nationalism in Finland 1809-1918]. Yliopistopaino.

Ludvigsson, J. F., Engerström, L., Nordehäll, C., & Larsson, E. (2021). Open schools, COVID-19, Child, and Teacher Morbidity in Sweden. New England Journal of Medicine, 384,669-671. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2026670

Maestrales, S., Marias Dezendorf, R., Tang, X., Salmela-Aro, K., Bartz, K., Juuti, K., Lavonen, J., Krajcik, J., & Schneider, B. (2021). U.S. and Finnish high school science engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12784

Martela, F., Hankonen, N., Ryan, R. M., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021). Motivating Voluntary Compliance to Behavioural Restrictions: Self-Determination Theory–Based Checklist of Principles for COVID-19 and Other Emergency Communications. European Review of Social Psychology (Print Edition). https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1857082

Meuris. C., Kremer, C., Geerinck A., Locquet, M., Bryere, O., Defeche, J., Meex, C., Hayette, P., Duchene, L., Dellot, P., Azarzar, S., Marechal, N., Sauvage, A.-S., Frippiat, F., Giot, B., Leonard. Ph., Fombellida, K., Moutschen, M. […] & Darcis, G. (2021). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 Screening and Mitigation Measures for Primary School Children Attending School in Liège, Belgium. JAMA Network Open. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2784812

MOE (Ministry of Education and Culture). (2021a, August 5). Updates on recommendations on hygiene and physical distancing in ECEC, schools and educational institutions – contact teaching as principle in primary and secondary education..., https://okm.fi/-/varhaiskasvatuksen-koulujen-oppilaitosten-ja-korkeakoulujen-hygienia-ja-valjyyssuositukset-paivitettiin-perusopetuksessa-ja-toisella-asteella-lahtokohtana-lahiopetus?languageId=en_US

MOE (Ministry of Education and Culture). (2021b, October 12). New safety recommendations during COVID-19 for early childhood education and care (ECE), educational institutions and higher education institutions highlight local measures, https://minedu.fi/-/koronaturvallisuudesta-paikallisia-toimia-korostava-uusi-suositus-varhaiskasvatukseen-oppilaitoksille-ja-korkeakouluille?languageId=en_US

Morton, B. (2021, July 1). COVID: Boris Johnson upbeat about easing lockdown in England on 19 July. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57681216

Mäenpää, T. (2021, October 25). Lappajärven koronatilanne heikkenee vauhdilla – ilmaantuvuusluku on jo yli 1700... [Corona situation in Lappajärvi municipality turns rapidly worse – new incidence rate even 1700...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12158156

Mäkinen (2021, September 6). HS muuttaa koronauutisoinnin painpisteen pois tartuntamääristä kohti elämää koronan kanssa [HS changes its news focus from infection rates to ‘living with COVID’]. https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000008243137.html

Mäkitalo. J. (n.d.). (@JormaMakitalo). Tweets August 1 – November 30, 2021.

Mäntysalo, J. (2021, October 24). Pääministeri Marin haluaa somekäyttäytymisellään ravistella instituutiota... [PM Marin wants to ‘shake institutions’ with her social media behavior...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12157770

Mörttinen, M. (2021). Valtioneuvoston ydin kriisitilanteessa. COVID-19 pandemian paineet suomalaiselle päätöksenteolle SITRAn muistio [The Nuclear State Council in Crisis management. COVID-19 pandemic pressures for Finnish decision-making. SITRA Memorandum]. https://www.sitra.fi/julkaisut/valtioneuvoston-ydin-kriisitilanteessa/

National Health Services of England (NHS) (2021). COVID response, https://www.england.nhs.uk/contact-us/privacy-notice/how-we-use-your-information/COVID-19-response/

Niemistö, E. (2021, October 26). Ylilääkäri kertoo pahannäköisistä keuhkokuvista [Chief MD describes severe X-ray results on lungs]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12159986

Nilsberth, M., Liljekvist, Y., Olin-Scheller, Ch., Samuelsson. J., & Hallquist, C. (2021). Digital teaching as the new normal? Swedish upper secondary teachers’ experiences of emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 crisis. European Educational Research, 20(4), (442-462). https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211022480

OECD. (2020). Education country note. Finland. https://www.oecd.org/education/Finland-coronavirus-education-country-note.pdf

Ombudsman for Children’s Rights (OCR), (2021a, March 4). Lapsiasiainvaltuutettu muistuttaa lapsen oikeuksista poikkeusoloissa [Ombudsman for Children’s Rights reminds of those in exceptional circumstances]. https://www.sttinfo.fi/tiedote/lapsiasiavaltuutettu-muistuttaa-lapsen-oikeuksista-poikkeusoloissa?publisherId=17712812&releaseId=69902633

OCR, (2021b). Pandemian varjossa kohti maapallon tulevaisuutta. Lasiasianvaltuutetun vuosikertomus 2020. [From the shadows of pandemic towards global future. Annual report of Children’s Ombudsman, 2020]. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-259-908-7

OCR (2021c, July 27). Avoin kirje. Lasten oikeudet vaarantuvat jälleen. [Open letter. Children’s rights jeopardized again.]. https://lapsiasia.fi/-/avoin-kirje-lapsiasiavaltuutetulta-COVID19-2021

OCR (2021d; August 2). Lasten oikeudet vaarantuvat jälleen, lapsiasianvaltuutettu varoittaa [Childern’s rights jeopartized again, the Ombudsman warns]. https://www.sttinfo.fi/tiedote/lasten-oikeudet-vaarantuvat-jalleen-lapsiasiavaltuutettu-varoittaa?publisherId=17712812&releaseId=69915201

Ojanperä, S. (2021, November 30.). Kärkölä sulkeutui täysin koronan takia, kun ilmaantuvuusluku nousi 1900: aan...[Kärkölä municipality closed completely due to COVID incidences rise up to 1,900]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12209464

Orjala, A. (2021, September 2). Hallituksen koronanuvottelut päättyneet - PM Marin: rajoituksista saatetaan päästä laajemmin eroon lokakuussa [Government closed the negotiations on COVID – PM Marin: restrictions could broadly be eased in October], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12082593

Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health services research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189–1208. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10591279/

Patton, M.Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. SAGE.

Pekkarinen, E. (2021, October 14). Avoin kirje valtioneuvoston jäsenille ja THL:n johtoryhmälle lapsiasiainvaltuutetulta [An open letter for State Council and THL leading team from Ombudsman for Children’s rights], The Office of Ombudsman for Children’s Rights, https://lapsiasia.fi/-/avoin-kirje_valtioneuvosto-thl_COVID19-ja-lapset

Petersen, M. B., Bor, A., Jorgensen, F., & Lindholt, M. F. (2021). Transparent communication about negative features of COVID-19 vaccines decreases acceptance but increases trust. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024597118

Petersen, M. B. (2021): COVID lesson: trust the public with hard truths. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02758-2

Piirainen, E. (2021, September 16). Jatkuuko etäkoulu vielä joskus, miten pandemiat vältetään...[Will remote teaching return some day, how will the future pandemics be avoided...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12102135

Public Health England (PHE) (2021). SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England. Technical briefing 12. (updating web pages) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/investigation-of-novel-sars-cov-2-variant-variant-of-concern-20201201

Pöyry, H., Raappana, A., Kiviniemi, M., Pokka, T., Honkila, M., Paalanne, N., Valmari, P.,Renko, M., & Tapiainen, T. (2021). Etiology of Infectious Diseases in Acutely IllChildren at a Pediatric Hospital in Finland, The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 40(6), e245-e247. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33956758/

Pöysä, S., Pakarinen, E., & Lerkkanen, M.-L. (2021). Patterns of Teachers’ Occupational Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relations to Experiences of Exhaustion, Recovery, and Interactional Styles of Teaching. Frontiers of Education. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.699785

Regeringen (2021, October 29): Summary. Sweden in the pandemic. https://www.regeringen.se/4ab00d/globalassets/regeringen/dokument/socialdepartementet/summary-sweden-in-the-pandemic-1.pdf

Risso, F. M., Cozzi, G., Volonnino, M., Cossovel, F., Ullmann, N., Ciofi Degli Atti, M. L., Amaddeo, A., Ghirardo, S., Cutrera, R., & Raponi, M. (2021), Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a marked decrease in hospitalisations for bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatrica. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16075

Romsi, V. (2021, October 29). Ruotsi toimi liian hitaasti pandemian selättämäiseksi... [Sweden reacted too slow to win pandemic...]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12166777?utm_source=social-media-share&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=ylefiapp

Sahlberg, P. (2021). Does the pandemic help us make education more equitable?. Educational Research for Policy and Practice 20(11–18). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-020-09284-4

Sequeiros, A.B. (n.d.) (@andreasblanco). Tweets August 2 – October 21, 2021.

Stenroos, M. (2021, April 24). Analyysi: Sanna Marinin hallitus elää politiikan parisuhdekriisiä [Analysis: Marin Government experiences political relationship crisis]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11899448

STM (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health), (2021a, January 29). Action plan for implementing the hybrid strategy to curb the COVID-19 epidemic in January–May 2021. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-00-8475-2

THL (National Institute of the Health and Welfare) (2020). Strategy. https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/about-us/strategy

THL (2021a, January 8). THL päivitti maskisuositusta – suositellaan yli 12-vuotiaille [THL updated the mask recommendation – children from 12 years onwards should wear...]. https://thl.fi/fi/-/thl-paivitti-maskisuositusta-maskin-kayttoa-suositellaan-jatkossa-yli-12-vuotiaille

THL (2021b, January 28). Koronavirustartuntojen määrät jälleeen nousussa useamman vakaan viikon jälkeen [COVID infections increasing after several stable weeks], https://thl.fi/fi/-/koronavirustartuntojen-maarat-jalleen-nousussa-useamman-viikon-vakaan-vaiheen-jalkeen

THL, (2021c, October 12). Recommendations by THL and MOE to providers of education and ECE during the COVID-19 epidemic. https://minedu.fi/documents/1410845/65547855/MoEC+THL+recommendations+to+education+and+early+childhood+education+and+care+12.10.2021.pdf/7147ef4d-215f-957c-d92f-73598962ad32

THL (2021d, October 21). Situation update on Coronavirus. https://thl.fi/en/web/infectious-diseases-and-vaccinations/what-s-new/coronavirus-COVID-19-latest-updates/situation-update-on-coronavirus

Treenhalg, T. (2021). Moral uncertainty: A case study of COVID-19. Patient Education and Couseling, 104(11), 2643-2647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.07.022

Uusitalo, K., Vaaherkumpu, S. (2021, Sptember 4). THL:n Salminen: pandemian loppusuora häämöttää...[Salminen from National Health Institute: pandemic chalk lines approaching]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12085688

Viner, R.M., Mytton, O.T., Bonell, C., Melendez-Torres, G.J., Ward, J.; Hudson, L., Waddington, C., Thomas, J., Russell, S., van der Klis, F., Koirala, A., Ladhani, S., Panovska-Griffiths, J., Davies, N.G., Booy, R. & Eggo, R.M. (2021). Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infec-tion Among Children and Adolescents Compared With Adults. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(2), 143-156. https://jamanetwork. com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2771181

Vlachos, J., Hertegård, E., & Svaleryd, H. B. (2021). The effects of school closures on SARS-CoV-2 among parents and teacher. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020834118

Vogel, G. (2021, February 15). Keeping schools open without masks or quarantines doubled Swedish teachers’ COVID-19 risk. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/02/keeping-schools-open-without-masks-or-quarantines-doubled-swedish-teachers-COVID-19

YLE [National Broadcasting Company of Finland], (2020, May 19): Strategia [strategy]. Yleisradio vahvistaa suomalaista yhteiskuntaa, kulttuuria ja ymmärrystä toisistamme yhteisten kokemusten, luotettavan tiedon ja inspiroivien elämysten avulla. [YLE aims to strenghten Finnish society, culture and mutual understanding via shared experiences, reliable information and inspiring experiences], https://yle.fi/aihe/strategia

YLE (2021a, January 25). Koronarajoituksia ei nyt pureta [COVID restrictions will not be eased]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/selkouutiset/maanantai_2512021_radio/11754485

YLE (2021b, February 26). Suomeen kolmen viikon sulku- riittääkö kolmen viikon sulkutila koronataistelussa? [Three weeks of “closure status” – would it be enough to battle the COVID-19?]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11809593

YLE (2021c; February 26). Suomeen määrättiin kolmen viikon sulkutila [Three weeks of “closure status was ordered to Finland]. News clip available also abroad. https://areena.yle.fi/1-50776152

YLE (2021d, August 11). Wednesday papers: second boosters coming, Finland changing COVID strategy, schools opening. https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/wednesdays_papers_second_boosters_coming_finland_changing_COVID_strategy_schools_open_and_a_beer_bottle_prize/12054216

YLE (2021e, October 30). Kiuru ihmettelee vitkastelua koronarajoituksissa – alueille on työkalut...[Minister Kiuru wonders slow regional restriction policies –regions have adequate tools...], https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12167910

YLE (2021f, October 25). “Boomer, be cool”. Sanna Marin’s IG post sparks minor media storm, https://yle.fi/news/3-12158507

YLE (2021g, December 8). WHO: rokotteiden voidaan olettaa suojaavan omikrontartunnan saaneita pahimmilta taudeilta [WHO: vaccines expected to protect from Omicron most severe diseases]. https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-12221930

You, L., Campbell, H., Kulkarni, D., Harpur, A., Madhurima, N., Wang, X., & Nair, H. (2020). The temporal association of introducing and lifting non-pharmaceutical interventions with the time-varying reproduction number (R) of SARS-CoV-2: a modelling study across 131 countries. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 193, 2029. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30785-4/fulltext




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.10n.1p.2

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2013-2024 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies  

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.