Motivation and Foreign Language Learning: Exploring the Rise of Motivation Strategies in the EFL Classroom

Hamza Alshenqeeti

Abstract


Students facing difficulties in learning English because of a range of factors and issues are often demotivated to learn. This has a direct impact on the entire learning process. Research into motivation in the EFL classroom has discovered that certain strategies can encourage learners to think more positively and thus be more motivated in their language learning process. This paper critically discusses types of motivation strategies in the EFL classroom and their increase in popularity. Following this, it critically considers ways in which motivation strategies are still lacking and hence presents some approaches to better promote these from the perspective of students, teachers and policy makers. Along with providing specific recommendations for further research on L2 motivation, the paper concludes by calling on for adopting a range of motivational strategies that can improve student foreign language learning.

Keywords


EFL, Learning strategies, Motivation, Motivational frameworks, Motivation strategies

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alison, J. (1993) Not bothered? Motivating reluctant language learners in Key Stage 4. London: CILT.

Bahous, R., Bacha, N. & Nabhani, M. (2011) Motivating students in the EFL classroom: A case study of perspectives. English Language Teaching, 4(3), 33-43.

Benson, P. (2000) Autonomy as a learners’ and teachers’ right. In: Sinclair, B., McGrath, I. & Lamb, T. (eds.) Learner autonomy, teacher autonomy: Future directions. London: Longman, pp. 111-117.

Chambers, G. N. (1999) Motivating language learners. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Cheng, H. & Dörnyei, Z. (2007) The use of motivational strategies in language instruction: The case of EFL teaching in Taiwan. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 1(1), 153-174.

Clément, R. (1980) Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second language. In: Giles, H. M., Robinson, W. P. & Smith, P. M. (eds.) Language: Social psychological perspectives. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 147-154.

Covington, M. V. (1999) Caring about learning: The nature and nurturing of subject-matter appreciation. Educational Psychologist, (2), 127-136.

Dörnyei, Z. (1990) Conceptualizing motivation in foreign‐language learning. Language Learning, 40(1), 45-78.

Dörnyei, Z. (1994) Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 78(3), 273-284.

Dörnyei, Z. (1998) Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language teaching, 31(3), 117-135.

Dörnyei, Z. (2001) Motivation strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dörnyei, Z. & Csizér, K. (1998) Ten commandments for motivating language learners: Results of an empirical study. Language Teaching Research, 2(3), 203-229.

Dörnyei, Z. & Ottó, I. (1998) Motivation in action: A process model of L2 motivation. In: Working Papers in Applied Linguistics, Thames Valley University, Vol. 4, pp. 43-69.

Dörnyei, Z. & Skehan, P. (2003) Individual differences in second language learning. In: Doughty, C. & Long, M. (eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.589-630.

Fortini, M. & Fitzpatrick, M. (2000) The universal design for promoting self-determination. In: Villa, R. & Thousand, J. (eds.), Restructuring for caring and effective education: Piecing the puzzle together, (2nd ed.), pp. 575-589.

Gardner, R. C. (1983) Learning another language: A true social psychological experiment. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2(2-3-4), 219-239.

Gardner, R. C. (1985) Social psychology and language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London, Ontario: Edward Arnold.

Gardner, R. C. (1996) Motivation and second language acquisition: Perspectives. Journal of the Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 18(2): 19-42.

Gardner, R. C. (2000) Correlation, causation, motivation, and second language acquisition. Canadian Psychology, 41(1), 10-24.

Gardner, R. C. (2006) The Socio-Educational Model of Second Language Acquisition: A Research Paradigm. EUROSLA Yearb, 6, 237-260.

Gardner, R. C. (2014) Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. In Bilingualism, multiculturalism, and second language learning, (pp. 63-84). Psychology Press.

Gardner, R. C., Masgoret, A. M., Tennant, J. & Mihic, L. (2004) Integrative motivation: Changes during a year‐long intermediate‐level language course. Language Learning, 54(1), 1-34.

Hsu, L. (2017) EFL learners’ acceptance of technology in a computer-assisted language learning (CALL) context: The role of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation in English learning. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 7(9), 679-685.

Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. Michigan: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Johnson, R. W., Kelly, R. J. & LeBlanc, B. A. (1995) Motivational basis of dissonance: Aversive consequences or inconsistency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(8), 850-855.

Leis, A., Tohei, A. & Cooke, S. (2018) Smartphone assisted language learning and autonomy. In: Handbook of Research on Integrating Technology into Contemporary Language Learning and Teaching. IGI Global, pp. 307-327.

Little, D. (1991) Learner autonomy: Definitions, issues and problems. Italy: Authentik Language Learning Resources.

Liuoliene, A. & Metiuniene, R. (2006) Second language learning motivation. Santalka. Filologija. Edukologija, 14(2), 93-98.

MacIntyre, P. D. (1999) Language anxiety: A review of the research for language teachers. Affect in foreign language and second language learning: A practical guide to creating a low-anxiety classroom atmosphere. Boston: McGraw-Hill, pp. 24- 45.

MacIntyre, P. D. & Vincze, L. (2017) Positive and negative emotions in motivation for second language learning. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching. 4(2), 237-274.

McNinch, G. W. (1997) Earning by learning: Changing attitudes and habits in reading. Reading Horizons, 37(3), 186-194.

Oldfather, P. (1995) Commentary: What's needed to maintain and extend motivation for literacy in the middle grades. Journal of Reading, 38(6), 420-422.

Oxford, R. L. (ed.) (1996) Language learning strategies around the world: Cross-cultural perspectives. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.

Oxford, R. L. & Amerstorfer, C. M. (eds.), (2018) Language learning strategies and individual learner characteristics: Situating strategy use in diverse contexts. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Rogers, C. R. (1961) On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. London: Constable.

Rose, D. H., Meyer, A., Strangman, N. & Rappolt, G. (2002) Teaching every student in the digital age: Universal design for learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000) Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, (1), 54-67.

Ryan, R. M., & Stiller, J. (1991) The social contexts of internalization: Parent and teacher influences on autonomy, motivation and learning. In Pintrich, P. R. & Maehr, M. L. (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Vol. 7, Goals and self-regulatory processes. Greenwich, CT: JAI, (pp. 115-149).

Saito, K., Dewaele, J. M. & Hanzawa, K. (2017) A longitudinal investigation of the relationship between motivation and late second language speech learning in classroom settings. Language and Speech, 60(4), 614-632.

Schunk, D. H. (1983) Ability versus effort attributional feedback: Differential effects on self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75(6), 848-856.

Shih, Y. C. & Reynolds, B. L. (2018) The effects of integrating goal setting and reading strategy instruction on English reading proficiency and learning motivation: A quasi-experimental study. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(1), 35-62.

Spada, N. & Lightbown, P. M. (1993) Instruction and the development of questions in L2 classrooms. Studies in second language acquisition, 15(2), 205-224.

Terrell, S. & Rendulic, P. (1996) Using computer-managed instructional software to increase motivation and achievement in elementary school children. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 28(3), 403-414.

Thanasoulas, D. (2002) Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. [Online] Available at: www.http//itesjl.org//Articles// Thanasoulas -Motivation.html (Accessed: 11 February 2018).

Ushioda, E. (1997) The role of motivational thinking in autonomous language learning. In: Little, D. & Voss, B., (eds.) Language centres: Planning for the new millennium. Plymouth, England: CERCLES, pp. 38-50.

Ushioda, E. (2014) Motivation, autonomy and metacognition: Exploring their interactions. In: Lasagabaster, D., Doiz, A. and Sierra, J.M., (eds.) Motivation and Foreign Language Learning: From Theory to Practice. Language Learning & Language Teaching (Volume 40). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 31-49.

White, R. W. (1959) Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, (5), 297-333.

Williams, M. (1994) Motivation in foreign and second language learning: An interactive perspective. Educational and child psychology, 11(2): 77-84.

Wlodwoski, R. J. (1985) Enhancing adult motivation to learn. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Woodrow, L. (2017) Motivation in language learning. In: Breeze, R. & Sancho-Guinda, C. (eds.), Essential competencies for English-medium university teaching, Switzerland: Springer, pp. 235–248.

Zhou, H. (2012) Enhancing non-English majors’ EFL motivation through cooperative learning. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 12(2012): 1317-1323.

Zhou, Q. (2018) The Challenges Facing EFL Motivation in China and the Discussion of Possible Solutions. DEStech Transactions on Economics, Business and Management, 3rd International Conference on Society Science and Economics Development (ICSSED).




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.7p.1

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2012-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. 

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature

To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the journal emails into your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.