Topicality as War News Value: A Pragma – Linguistic Study

Fareed Hameed Al-Hindawi, Hussein Huwail Ghayadh

Abstract


This paper discusses one of the criteria of war news values in printed media. The current study concerns itself with only Topicality as the target of scrutiny. It explores this value through the application of a model of analysis based on a pragma-linguistic approach. The analysis is intended to achieve the following aims: first, bringing topicality as one criterion of news values to the attention of pragmatists; second, introducing an analytical framework which is hoped to be useful for pragmatists to analyze news values, and to be available in their hands for further development. This framework aims at explicitly revealing the linguistic as well as the pragmatic properties of the war news texts as far as topicality is concerned. In relation to the aims of the study and owing to the fact that people are eager to understand what is going on, it is hypothesized that topicality comes into viewable interaction between grammar and pragmatics. The findings of the data analysis indicate how topicality is transferred to the receiver of the message and how it shapes news reporting.


Keywords


News Values, Topicality, Existential Constructions, Restrictive Modifiers, Pragmatic Slack, War News, Apposition

Full Text:

PDF

References


Altmann, G. T. M., and Steedman, M. (1988). Interaction with context during human sentence processing. Cognition, 30, 191-238.

British Broadcasting Corporation. Comprehensive and critical analysis of the 1990-1991. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUMAyiI0TPA

Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.

Berry, Nicholas. (1990). Foreign Policy and the Press: An Analysis of the New York limes’ Coverage of U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Greenwood Press.

Brighton, P. and Foy, D. (2007). News Values. London: Sage Publications.

Bunton, Kristie, Thomas Connery, and Mark Riley Neuzil. (1999). Writing Across the Media. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press.

Clamons, R. et al (1999). The Limits of Formal Analysis: Pragmatic motivation in Oromo grammar. In Michael et al. (eds.), Functionalism and Formalism in Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Cuddon, J. A. (1998). The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory. New York: Penguin Books.

Conley, D. and Lamble, S. (2006).The Daily Miracle: An Introduction to Journalism, 3rd edition. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Cotter, C. (2010). News Talk. Investigating the Language of Journalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Durbin, E. and Bowlby, J. (1939). Personal Aggressiveness and War. New York: Columbia, pp. 40-48.

Farrell, M., & Cupito, M. C. (2010). Newspapers: A complete guide to the industry. New York: Peter Lang.

Foucault, M., & Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge: And, the discourse on language. New York: Dorset Press.

Fraser, Bruce. (1990). An approach to discourse markers. Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 383-95.

------------------ 1999. What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 931-952

Gerbner, G., Gross L., Morgan M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process, in J. Bryant and D. Zillmann (eds.), Perspectives on Media Effects pp.17--40. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Givón, T. (2001). Syntax: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company

Grabe, W. (2003). Using Discourse Representations for Reading Development. In M. Swanson & K. Hill (Eds.), Proceeding of the 2002 JALT Conference(pp. 9–17). Tokyo, Japan: JALT Publications.

Grice H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation, in Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3, Speech Acts, eds Cole P., Morgan J. L., editors. (New York, NY: Academic Press; ), 41–58

Haliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. Longman Group Limited. Hallin, D. and Gitlin, T. (1993). Agon and Ritual: The gulf war as Popular Culture. Political Communication, 10, 411-414.

Harcup, Tony and O'Neill, Deirdre (2016). What is news? Journalism Studies. DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2016.1150193, PP. 1-20.

Herriot, P. (1969). The Comprehension of Active and Passive Sentences as a Function of Pragmatic Expectations. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8(2), PP. 166-169.

Hoey, M. (2001). Textual interaction: An introduction to written discourse analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.

Hough, George A., 3rd. (1988). News Writing (4th edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Itule, Bruce D. and Douglas A. Anderson. (1991). News Writing and Reporting for Today’s Media (2nd edition). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

JACOBSON, P. and Pullum, G. (eds.). ( 1982). The nature of Syntactic Representation. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company

Jowett, G. S., & O'Donnell, V. (1999) Propaganda and persuasion. (3rd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Larsen, L. (1994). The Yellow Ribbon of America, A gulf War Phenomenon. Journal of American Culture, 17, 11-22.

Lambrecht, K. (1994). Information Structure and Sentence Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lasersohn, Peter. 1999. Pragmatic Halos. Language 75(3), 522–551.

Lorenz, Alfred Lawrence and John Vivian. (1996). News: Reporting and Writing. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Mencher, Melvin. (1997). News Reporting and Writing (7th edition). Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark.

--------------------------------(2006). News Reporting and Writing (10th edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Meyer, Ch. F. (1987). Apposition in English. Journal of English Linguistics 20(1), 101-21.

Morris, W. (1970). The American Heritage dictionary of the English language. New York: American Heritage. 1185.

Nacos, Brigitte Lebens. (1990). The Press, Presidents, and Crises. New York: Columbia University Press.

New York Times. Pentagon Report on Persian Gulf War: A Few Surprises and Some Silences. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/11/world/pentagon-report-on-persian-gulf-war-a-few-surprises-and-some-ilences.html?pagewanted=all

New York Times. After the war: The Presedent; Transcript of President Bush's Address on End of the Gulf War. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/07/us/after-war-president-transcript-president-bush-s-address-end-gulf-war.html

News Week magazine.

News Week magazine. Looking Back at Desert Storm. Retrieved from: http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-01-17/from-1991-looking-back-at-desert-storm

Niebuhr, R. (1937). Beyond Tragedy: Essays on the Christian Interpretation of History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Nixon, R. (1986). No More Vietnams. London: W. H. Allen.

O’Neil, B. (1999). Honor, Symbols, and War. Michigan: Michigan University Press.

Papafragou, A. and Musolino, J. (2002). The Pragmatics of Number. Proceedings from the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Sciences Society, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Park, Robert E. (1940). News as a Form of Knowledge: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge. American Journal of Sociology 45(5), 669–686.

Pettegree, A. (2014). The Invention of News. How the World Came to Know About Itself. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Quirk, R., S. Greenbaum, G. leech, and J. Svartvik. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.

Rihs, A. (2012). A defence of the Overlap Criterion for Distinguishing between the French Gerund and Present Participle. In C. Nishida & C. Russi, Building a bridge between linguistic communities of tm: NY: Rodopi, PP: 203 – 327.

Salmon, Lucy Maynard (1923). The Newspaper and the Historian. New York: Oxford University Press.

Schechter, D. (2003). Media Wars:News at a Time of Terror. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Schlesinger, Ph. (1987). Putting Reality Together. London: Methuen.

Stephens, M. (1997). A history of News: From the Drum to the Satellite. New York: Viking.

van Dijk, T. (1988). News as Discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Weaver, D., Randal, B., Bonnie, B., Voakes, P., and G. Cleveland, W. (2007). The American Journalist in the 21st Century. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

James, W. (1910). The Moral Equivalent of War, in L. Bramson and G. W. Gathals (eds.), War: Studies from Psychology, Sociology and Anthropology, revised edn, New York: Basic Books, 1968, 21 – 31.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.5p.279

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2012-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature

To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the journal emails into your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.