A Study on the Level of Intercultural Knowledge among Malaysian Secondary School Students

Fatin Najwa Amelia binti Marsani, Manjet Kaur Mehar Singh, Paramaswari Jaganathan, Ahmad Sofwan Nathan Abdullah, Premalatha Karupiah

Abstract


Malaysia is typified by three major ethnic groups namely Malay, Chinese and Indian.  The evolution of national unity in Malaysia, which is based on acceptance and tolerance towards different cultures has been allowed to flourish in tandem with the realization of national aspirations.  Even though education system is seen to be the best tool to cultivate team work among these three major ethnic groups, contemporary research reveals that there is still a lack of intercultural embedment in both tertiary and non-tertiary settings.  Worst, non-tertiary setting national schools are seen as the breeding ground of racial polarization.  Thus, the main objectives of this research is to explore the level of intercultural knowledge that can enhance intercultural awareness among Malaysian secondary school students.  Data was collected using a structured survey questionnaire to elicit responses from Form Four students in one national secondary school in Penang, Malaysia on their level of intercultural knowledge.  The results of this study shows low level of intercultural knowledge among secondary school students and it indicates poor intercultural awareness among them in the contexts of intercultural knowledge.  This suggest that classroom intervention is needed to improve the students’ intercultural knowledge and at the same time improve their intercultural sensitivity towards other cultures. 


Keywords


Intercultural awareness, intercultural knowledge, intercultural sensitivity, secondary school students

Full Text:

PDF

References


Balakrishnan, V. (2009). Teaching Moral Education in Secondary Schools Using Real-life dilemmas. Ph.D thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

Bennett, M., & Wurzel, J. (2004). Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education. Becoming Interculturally Competent, 62-77.

Bennett, J.M. (2008) Contemporary Leadership and Intercultural Competence: Understanding and Utilizing Cultural Diversity to Build Successful Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bennett, Brown, Cartwright, Chung Gin, Davis, Deardorff, Hearn, Huston, Knefelkamp, Nishishiba and Smith (2009). Intercultural Knowledge and Competence value rubric by Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U). Retrieved from website: http://www.purdue.edu/cie/documents.PUPIL%20handout.pdf

Bok, D. (2006). Our Underachieving Colleges: A Candid Look at How Much Students Learn and Why They Should be Learning More. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Brislin, R. (1992). The measurement of intercultural sensitivity using the concepts of individualism and collectivism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16(4), 413-436.

Creswell, J. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.

Erikson, E.H. (1964). Insights and Responsibility. In Knowles R.T., Mc Lean G.F., Psychological Foundations of Moral Education and Character Development: An Integrated Theory of Moral Development. The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.

Ganakumaran S., Shahizah Ismail Hamdan. Koo, Y. L. (2003). Pedagogical Implications of the Incorporation of the Literature Component in the Malaysian ESL Syllabus, Teaching Literature in ESL Syllabus, Teaching Literature in ESL/EFL Contexts. Petaling Jaya: Sasbadi.

Hofstede, G. (n.d.). Culture and Organization: International Studies of Management and Organization (4th ed., Vol. 10, pp. 15-41). M.E Sharpe.Inc.

Holliday, A. (2013). Investigating Culture. In Understanding Intercultural Communication. Routledge.

Jamil, Hazri , Abd. Razak & Nordin. (2010). Ethnicity and education policy in Malaysia: Managing and mediating the ethnic diversity. Journal of US-China public Administration. 7(1), 77-87.

Jamil, H. (2004). Ethnic Interaction among Students in Secondary Schools in Malaysia. Pulau Pinang : School of Educational Studies. Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Jamil, H., & Raman, S. (2012). Malaysian Educational Policy for National Integration: Contested Terrain of Multiple Aspiration. Journal of Language and Culture, 3(1), 20-31. doi:10.5897/JLC11.025

Judith, N.M., & Nakayama,T.K., (2004). Intercultural Communication in Context. New York, NY:McGraw Hill.

Kalantzis, M. & Cope, B. (2005). Learning by Design. Common Ground Publishing, Melbourne.

Kaur, G., (2002) Literature in Language Classroom. In Kaur G. (2003) Teaching Literature in ESL Syllabus, Teaching Literature in ESL/EFL Contexts. Petaling Jaya: Sasbadi.

Khader, F. (2012). The Malaysian Experience in Developing National Identity, Multicultural Tolerance and Understanding through Teaching Curricula: Lessons Learned and Possible Applications in the Jordanian Context. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(1).

Khemlani, M. (2010). Ethnic Relations and Nation Bulding: The Way Forward. Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.

Langer, A., Abdul Raufu, M., Stewart, F. (2009) Diversity and Discord: Ethnicity, Horizontal, Inequalities and Conflict in Ghana and Nigeria. Journal of International Development 21, 477-482.

Matveev, A. V., & Milter, R. G. (2004). The value of intercultural competence for performance of multicultural teams. Team Performance Management, 10(5/6), 104-111.

Malaysia Demographics Profile 2014. (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2015, from http://www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/demographics_profile.html

Maya, K.D., Mc Lellan, J., Ngeow, Y.M., Lean, M.L., Wendy, Y.M.T., (2010) Ethnic Relation and Nation Building: The Way Forward. SIRD: Petaling Jaya.

Ministry of Education (2000). Malaysia: Education for All. Ministry of Education, Kuala Lumpur.

Mohd Noor, M, .Lee Abdullah, M. A., & Omar, R. (2004). Hubungan etnik di Malaysia: Satu sorotan ringkas. In Roziah Omar and Sivamurugan Pandian (Eds.), Malaysia Isu-Isu Sosial Semasa (pp. 170-179). Kuala Lumpur: Institut Sosial Malaysia.

Mohd. Yusof, N. (2006). Patterns of Social Interaction between Different Ethnic Groups in Malaysian Secondary Schools. Jurnal Pendidik Dan Pendidikan, 21, 149-164.

Najeemah, Y. (2008). Multicultural education: managing diversity in Malaysian schools. Malaysian Education Deans Council Journal, 2.

Najeemah, Y. (2006). Patterns of Social Interaction between Different Ethnic Groups in Malaysia. Jurnal Pendidik dan Pendidikan, 21, 149-164.

Ramlee, M., Norzaini, A., Faridah, K., Abdul Razak, A., Maimun, A.L. (2010). Social Integration among Multi-Ethnic Students at Selected Malaysian Universities in Peninsular Malaysia: A Survey of Campus Social Climate, ASEAN Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education 1, 35-44.

Rahimah, H.A (1998). Educational Development and Reformation in Malaysia: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Educational Administration 36 (5).

Rajyashree K.L. & Urjani, C. (2013). A Pragmatic Study of Intercultural Communication in Kiran Desai. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 21 (1), 351-361.

Savicky, V. (2008). Developing Intercultural Competence and Transformation: Theory, Research, and Application in International Education. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing LLC.

Stier, J. (2006). Internationalisation, Intercultural Communication and Intercultural Competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication, (11).

Tong, M. C. & Robertson K. (2008). Political and Cultural Representation in Malaysian Websites. Intercultural Journal of Design. 2(2), 67-69.

Wan Hashim, W.T. (1983) Race Relations in Malaysia. Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) LTD. Kuala Lumpur.

W.T. Grant Consortium (1992) School Based Social Competence.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.5n.6p.18

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2012-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature

To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the journal emails into your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.