Investigating the Roles of Motivation and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Computer-Mediated-Communication (CMC) Speaking Skills Instruction

Nor Azlina Binti Muhamad

Abstract


The computer-mediated approach is deemed as an effective way to assist in improving the communicative skills among ESL learners. This study presents a mixed-methods research. It aims to identify the level of motivation of the CMC users in learning English speaking skills, and how they relate to speaking achievements. This research investigates how the content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and the technological knowledge (TK) of the facilitators influence the motivation of the learners. Data is analysed comparing the Pre-Post tests. Inferential Statistics method which uses the correlation analysis is carried out to see the relationship between the factors and the level of the speaking competency. Moreover, the data is triangulated with the inclusion of audio- taped interview data. 154 students and 4 language facilitators were randomly selected from one of the institutes of higher education in Malaysia. The findings indicate that the learners’ speaking competency levels show significant improvement compared to the early stage of the research. However, there is no significant difference between the results of pre-post tests in terms of the motivation level and results also did not show significant relationship between motivation and the improvement of the speaking competency level. This shows that motivation level was not the leading factor that influenced improvement in the proficiency levels of the students.  The interviews with the ESL learners showed that they had dissatisfactions regarding their online learning programme and they also indicated that their facilitators lacked of Content, Pedagogical and Technological Knowledge (TCPK) in facilitating their online learning as these knowledge are important in the online learning environment. As the conclusion, ESL learners improved their speaking proficiency through CMC learning but there are other external factors beyond the scope of this research that need to be investigated further. 

 


Keywords


CMC, motivation, ESL, speaking skills, TPCK/TPACK

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abrams, Z. I. (2003). The Effects of Synchronous and Asynchronous CMC on Oral Performance. Modern Language Journal, No.87, 157–167.

Ball, D.L., Thames, M.H., & Phelps, G., (2008). Content Knowledge for Teaching What Makes It Special? Journal of Teacher Education, 2008, 59: 389. Retrieved 15 January 2010, from http://jte.sagepub.com/content/59/5/389

Beauvois, M. H. (1992). Computer-Assisted Classroom Discussion in the ForeignLanguage Classroom: Conversation in Slow Motion. Foreign Language Annals, 25(5), 455-464.

Beauvois, M. H. (1997). Computer-Mediated Communication: Technology for Improving Speaking and Writing. In M. D. Bush (Ed.), Technology Enhanced Language Learning (pp. 165-184). Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.

Belz, J. A., & Kinginger, C. (2002). The Cross-Linguistic Development of Address Form Use in TelecollaborativeLanguage Learning: Two Case Studies. Canadian Modern Language Review, No. 59, 189-214.

Bui, H. (2006). Teaching Speaking Skills at a Vietnamese University and Recommendations for Using CMC. Hanoi: Vietnam National University. Asian EFL Journal. Volume 14. Teachers' Articles August 2006. Article 2.

Cheol, H. L. (1999) An Exploration of Pedagogical Implications of Using Networked-Based Computer Mediated Communication in the Communicative Language Classroom. Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century. Vol.7 (1-2). Retrieved 2 November 2007, from http://www.emoderators.com/ipct/j/1999.nl/2/lee/html

Chun, D. (1994). Using Computer Networking to Facilitate the Acquisition of Interactive Competence, SYSTEM Journal No.22 , p.17-21.

Cooper, L. W. (March 2001). A Comparison of Online and Traditional Computer Application Classes. T.H.E. Journal 28(8), 52.

Doering, A., Veletsianos, G., Scharber, C. & Miller, C. (2009). Using the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge Framework to Design Online Learning Environments and Professional Development. Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 41(3) 319-346, 2009.

Edwards, A. D. (1987). Language code and classroom practice.Oxford Review of Education, 13(3), 237-247.

Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and Motivation in Second- Language Learning. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House Publishers.

Gardner, R.C. (1985). Social Psychology and Language Learning: the Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.

Gardner, R. C., & Tremblay, P.F. (1994). On Motivation, Research Agendas, and Theoretical Frameworks. Modern Language Journal, 78, 359-368.

Gardner, R.C. (1999). Correlation, Causation, Motivation, and Second Language Acquisition, Canadian Psychology/ Psychologic Canadienne, 41:1, 10-23.

Gardner, R.C. (2001) Language Learning Motivation: The Student, the Teacher, and the Researcher. Manuscript:

Texas Foreign Language Education Conference, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, March 23, 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2008, fromhttp://publish.uwo.ca/~gardner/

Gardner, R.C. (2004). Attitude/Motivation Test Battery: International AMTB Research Project. The University of Western Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 15 May 2008, from http://publish.uwo.ca/~gardner/docs/englishamtb.pdf

Gibson, J.W. (2008) A Comparison of Student Outcomes and Student Satisfaction in Three MBA Human Resource

Management Classes Based on Traditional vs Online Learning. Journal of College Teaching & Learning – August 2008 Volume 5, Number 81.Nova Southeastern University, USA. Retrieved 15 September 2011, from http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/953.pdf

Hagie, C. & Hughes, M. (Spring, 2005). In Gibson (2008). A Comparison of Student Outcomes

and Student Satisfaction in Three MBA Human Resource Management Classes Based on Traditional vs.

Online Learning. Journal of College Teaching & Learning – August 2008 Volume 5, Number 81.Nova Southeastern University, USA. Retrieved 15 May 2008, from http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/953.pdf

Haris, J. B. & Hofer, M. J., (2011). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Action: A

descriptive Study of Secondary Teachers’ Curriculum-Based, Technology-Related Instructional Planning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education. Spring 2011. Volume 43. No.3. pp. 211-229.

Israel, G.D. (1992). Determining the sample size. Program Evaluation and Organizational Development. IFAS. Gainesville: University of Florida

James M.H. & Amy B. (2001). Effects of CMC on Student Participation Patterns in a Foreign Language Learning Environment. Retrieved 2 November 2007, from

http://www.cc. gatech.edu/~jhudson/publications/chi2001.pdf.

Kansanen, P. (2009). The Curious Affair of Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Orbis Scholae, 2009, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 5–18, ISSN 1802-4637.

Kehrwald, B. (2007). The Ties that Bind: Social Presence, Relations and Productive Collaboration in Online

Learning Environments. Ascilite 2007:Singapore. Retrieved 5 October 2012, from

http://www.ascilite.org.au/conferences/singapore07/procs/kehrwald.pdf

Keller, J. M., & Kopp, T. W. (1987). An Application of the ARCS Model of Motivational Design. In Balaban, S.J. (2008) Designing Motivational Learning Systems In Distance Education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE July 2008 ISSN 1302-6488 Volume: 9 Number: 3 Article 13. Retrieved 15 May 2008, from http:// www.tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde31/pdf/article_13.pdf

Keller, J.M. (1983). In. Balaban, S.J. (2008) Designing Motivational Learning Systems in Distance Education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE July 2008 ISSN 1302-6488 Volume: 9 No. 3 Article 13. Retrieved 15 May 2008, from http:// www.tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde31/pdf/article_13.pdf

Kelm, O. R. (1992). The Use of Synchronous Computer Networks in Second Language Instruction: A Preliminary Report. Foreign Language Annals 25, 5, 441-454.

Kern, R.G. (1995). Restructuring Classroom Interaction with Networked

Computers: Effects on Quantity and Quality of Language Production. Modern Language Journal 79 (4). pp.457-476.

Kern, R. & Warschauer, M. (2000). Introduction: Theory and Practice of Network- Based Language Teaching. In

M. Warschauer & R. Kern (Eds), Network- Based Language Teaching: Concepts And Practice (pp. 1-19). Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.

Kern, R., Ware, P. &Warschauer, M. (2008) Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 2nd Edition, Volume 4:

Second and Foreign Language Education, 281–292. N. Van Deusen-Scholl and N. H. Hornberger (eds), #2008 Springer Science+Business Media LLC. Retrieved 15 May 2009, from

http://www.gse.uci.edu/person/warschauer_m/docs/network-based.pdf

Khatija Mohd. Tahir. (2003). An Overview of the Malaysian University English Test (MUET). MUET Seminar on

the Teaching and Assessment of the Speaking and Writing Skills, 27-28 January 2003, University of Technology Mara.

Koehler, M. J., & Mishra, P. (2009). What is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1), 60-70.

Koehler M.J. (2011)Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). Retrieved 5 October 2012, from

http://www.tpck.org/

Knowles, M. (1990). The adult learner: A neglected species. In Ellis,K.A. (2008) Satisfaction of Graduate Students

with Their Distance Learning Experiences. A Dissertation In Higher Education. Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Retrieved 4 March 2008, from

http://www.etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-04032008-134720/unrestricted/Ellis_Kathleen_Diss.pdf

Krashen, S.D. (1979). A Response to McLaughlin, The Monitor Model: Some Methodological Considerations. In Littlewood W.T., (1996) "Foreign and Second Language Learning". Cambridge University Press.

Krashen, S. D. (1987) Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International.

Krashen & Terrel (1983). The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London: Longman

Lane, D. R. (1994). Computer-Mediated Communication in the Classroom: Asset or Liability? Workshop presented

at the Interconnect '94 Teaching, Learning & Technology Conference October 14, 1994. Retrieved 2 November 2007, from http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/techno/cmcasset.htm

Littlewood, W. T. (1995). Foreign and Second Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Littlewood, W.T. (1996). Foreign and Second Language Learning. Cambridge: University Press.

Loewenthal, Blackwelder & Broomal. (1980). Issues in Distance Learning. International Journal of Educational Telecomunication No.1 , p.337-365.

Loewenthal, P. R. (2009). The Evolution and Influence of Social Presence Theory on Online Learning. In T. T. Kidd(Ed.), Online Education and Adult Learning: New Frontiers for Teaching Practices. pp. 202-211. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

Marjan Moiinvaziri, (2011). Motivational Orientation in English Language Learning. Retrieved 5 October 2012, from http://www.usingenglish.com/articles/motivational-orientation-in-english-language-learning.html

Meskill, C., Swan, K., & Frazer, M. (1997). Tools for supporting response-based literature teaching and learning: A multimedia exploration of the Beat Generation (Report No. 2.29). Albany, NY: National Research Center on English Learning and Achievement, State University of New York at Albany.

Mishra, P. & Koehler, M.J. (2006). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge. Teachers College Record Volume 108, Number 6, June 2006, pp. 1017–1054.

Mishra, P. & Koehler, M.J. (2008). Introducing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. New York City, March 24–28, 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2012, from punya.educ.msu.edu/presentations/AERA2008/MishraKoehler_AERA2008.pdf

Mulammaa, K. (2010). ICT in Language Learning - Benefits and Methodological Implications. International Education Studies. Vol. 3. No.1. February 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2012, from

http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/4965/4131

New Sunday Times (February 8, 2009) Boost Proficiency in English at OUM, Excellence in Education, H10.

Norris, J.H. (2001) Motivation as a Contributing Factor in Second Language Acquisition. The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. VII, No. 6, June 2001. Retrieved 2 November 2007, from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Norris-Motivation.html

Pace, G. (1992). Stories of teacher-initiated change from traditional to whole-language literacy instruction. Elementary School Journal, 92(4), 461-476.

Rodriguez, L.A. (2010). Adult English Language Learners’ Perceptions of Audience Response Systems (Clickers) as Communication Aides. Retrieved 5 October 2010, from http://waldenu.academia.edu/LisaRodriguez/Papers/265697/A_Q Methodology_Study_of_Adult_English_Language_Learners_Perceptions_of_

Audience_Response_Systems_Clickers_as_Communication_Aides

Rozina Abdul Ghani & Nuraihan Mat Daud. (2006). Synchronous Online Discussion: Its Contributions to Language Learning. Internet Journal of e-Language Learning & Teaching, 3(1), January 2006, pp. 49-65. Retrieved 17 February 2008, from http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/10421/1/RozinaAbdulGhani2.pdf

Ryan, R. C. (January 2000). In Gibson, J.W. (2008) A Comparison of Student Outcomes and Student Satisfaction in

Three MBA Human Resource Management Classes Based on Traditional vs. Online Learning. Journal of College Teaching & Learning – August 2008 Volume 5, Number 81.Nova Southeastern University, USA

Satar, H.M and Ozdener, N., (2008). Computer-Mediated Communication in Foreign Language Education: Use of Target Language and Learner Perceptions. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE April

Volume: 9 Number: 2 Article 9. Retrieved 7 September 2009, from http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde30/articles/article_9.htm

Scalese, E. R. (2001). In Balaban, S.J. (2008) Designing Motivational Learning Systems In Distance Education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE July 2008 ISSN 1302-6488 Vol. 9: 3 Article 13. Retrieved 15 January 2010, fromhttp:// www.tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde31/pdf/article_13.pdf

Schütz, R. (2007) Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition. Retrieved 13 July 2009, from http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html.

Schulman, A. H. & Sims, R. L. (1999). In Gibson, J.W. (2008) A Comparison of Student Outcomes and Student Satisfaction in Three MBA Human Resource Management Classes Based on Traditional vs. Online Learning. Journal of College Teaching & Learning – August 2008 Volume 5, Number 81.Nova Southeastern University, USA. Retrieved 15 September 2011, from http://www.cluteinstitute-onlinejournals.com/PDFs/953.pdf

Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14.

Singhal, S. & Zyda, M. (1999) Networked Virtual Environments: Design and Implementation. Addison Wesley.

TPCK - Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Retrieved 31 July 2010, from http://tpack.org.

Tudini, V. (2003) Conversational Elements of Online Chatting: Speaking Practice for Distance Language Learners? Alsic.org.Vol. 6, December 2003, pp. 83 – 99. Retrieved 15 September 2006, from http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/00/19/15/html

Unwin, A. (2007). Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK), a Conceptual Framework for an Increasingly Technology Driven Higher Education? Bulgarian Journal of Science and Education Policy, Vol.1, No. 1, 2007.pp. 231-247 .

Vahid, N. L. (2011). Computer Mediated Communication: The Use of CMC to Promote Learners' Communicative Competence.The Criterion: An International Journal in English. Retrieved 8 October 2012, from http://www.the-criterion.com

Wang, L. & Wang, T. (2006) A Case Study of Network-Based Language Teaching in EFL Writing. Celea Journal. Oct. 2006. Vol. 29. No.5. pp. 25-32.

Wang, Y.M. (1993). E-Mail Dialogue Journaling In An ESL Reading And Writing Classroom. University of Oregon.

Wang, Y. & Sun, C. (2000). Synchronous Distance Education : Enhancing Speaking Skills via Internet-based real Time Technology. IEEE Explore. Retrieved 17 January 2008, from http://ieeeexplore.ieee.org/ie15/7079/1910/00882876.pdf

Warschauer, M., & Whittaker P.F. (1995). The Internet for English Teaching: Guidelines for Teachers. TESL Reporter. 30,1 (1997), pp. 27-33. Retrieved 7 November 2011, from http://iteslj.org/Articles/Warschauer-Internet.html

Warschauer, M. (1996). Comparing Face To Face and Electronic Discussion in the Second Language Classroom. CALICO Journal Vol.13, p. 7-26.

Warschauer, M. (1997). Computer-Mediated Collaborative Learning: Theory and practice. Retrieved 11 July 2011, from http://www.gse.uci.edu/markw/papers.html

Warschauer, M. (1999). Electronic Literacies: Language, Culture, and Power in Online Education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Warschauer,M., & Meskill, C. (2000). Technology and Second Language Learning. Retrieved 11 July 2011, fromhttp://www.gse.uci.edu/markw/paper.html

Warschauer, M. (2000). Language, Identity, and the Internet. Retrieved 11 July 2011, fromhttp://www.gse.uci.edu/markw/papers.html

Wen, X. (1997). Motivation and Language Learning with Students of Chinese. Foreign Language Annals. Volume 30, Issue 2, pages 235–251, May 1997.

Westgate, D., Batey, J., et al. (1985). Some characteristics of interaction in foreign language classrooms. British Educational Research Journal, 11(3), 271-281.

Yu, H. C. (2005). Computer Mediated Communication: The Use of CMC to Develop EFL Learner’s Communicative Competence. Asian EFL Journal. Vol. 7, Issue 1, Article 10. Retrieved 31 January 2008, from http://www.asian-efl-journal.com.php

Zha, S., Kelly, P., Park, M. K, & Fitzgerald, G. (2006) An Investigation of Communicative Competence of ESLStudents Using Electronics Discussion Boards. Journal of Research on Technology in Education. Spring 2006. Vol 38 (3). Pp. 349-367.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.2p.112

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2012-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. 

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature

To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the journal emails into your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.