Email this article 
The Influence of Physical Training on Blood Levels of Human Growth Hormone, Testosterone and Procollagen in Young Rowers
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle strength and skeletal age in trained and untrained pubertal boys and its relationship to the levels of Testosterone (T), Growth Hormone (GH) and Procollagen (PICP). Methods: Both the exercise and control groups consisted of 24 (mean 12.91, sd = 0.63) and 17 (mean 12.91, sd = 0.48) year old boys, respectively. The exercise group (EG), in addition to school activities, participated in a rowing training program for six months (rowing technique, strength & aerobic exercises, 60 min/day, three days/week). The control group (CG) only participated in the school physical education program, two to three times/week. Hormonal concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques. Venus blood samples were taken at rest from both groups. Results: Testosterone was increased in both groups (p<0.001). Significant differences were found within groups in T before training (p<0.01) There was an increase of PICP in EG after training (p<0.01). Differences on GH were observed before the training period in both groups (p<0.01). Both groups significantly differed in upper and lower limbs strengths. Significant correlation was found between PICP and skeletal age in both (p<0.05 and p<0.02, respectively) Conclusions: The gains in muscle strength in both groups may partly be explained by the increase in the concentrations of hormone levels and the changes in body size.
Key words: skeletal age, muscle strength, anabolic hormones, rowing
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bouchard C. and Malina R.M. (1977). Skeletal maturity in a Pan American Canadian Team. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science, 2, 109-114.
Bunt J.C., Boileau R.A., Bahr J.M., Nelson R.A. (1986). Sex and training differences in human growth hormone levels during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 61(5), 1796-801.
Cacciari E., Mazzanti L., Tassinari D., Bergamaschi R., Magnani C., Zappula F., Nanni G., Codianchi C., Ghini T., Pini R., Tani G. (1990). Effects of sport (football) on growth : auxological, anthropometric and hormonal aspects. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 61(1-2), 149-158.
Eliakim A., Nemet D. (2013). The endocrine response to exercise and training in young athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 25, 605-615.
Falker J. (1978). Plantar flexor strength testing using the Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Physical Therapy, 58, 847-50.
Frasier S.D., Gafford F., Horton R. (1969). Plasma androgens in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 29, 1404-8.
Fuzimura R., Ashizawa N., Watanabe M., Mukai N., Amagai H., Fukubayashi T., Hayashi K., Tokuyama K., Suzuki M. (1997). Effect of resistance exercise training on bone formation and resorption in young male subjects assessed by biomarkers of bone metabolish. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12(4), 656-662.
Galbo H. (1983). Hormonal and metabolic adaptations to exercise. Stuttugart: Thieme, p. 2-27.
Greenwood F.C., Hunter W.M., Marrian V.J. (1964). Growth hormone levels in children and adolescents. British Medical Journal, 1, 25-6.
Gregory J.W., Greene S.A., Thompson J., Scrimgeour C.M., Rennie M.J. (1992). Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate on growth, body composition, strength and energy expenditure of adolescents boys. Clinical Endocrinology, 37, 207-13.
Greulich W.W., Pyle S.I. (1959). Radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the hand and wrist. Stanford University Press.
Hakkinen K., Keskinen K.L., Alen M., Komi P.V., Kauhanen H. (1989). Serum hormone concentrations during prolonged training in elite endurance trained and strength trained athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 59, 233-238.
Hakkinen K., Pakarinen A. (1993). Muscle strength and serum testosterone, cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 148, 199-207.
Hale J. (1956). Physiological maturity of Little League Baseball players. Research Quarterly, 27, 276-284.
Hartley L. (1975). Growth hormone and catecholamine response to exercise in relation to physical training. Medicine and Science in Sports, 7(1), 34-36.
Kaloupsis S. (1996). The effect of rowing training of male rowers of adolescence age on the levels of selective anthropometrics ergometric and hormonal parameters with the rate of biological maturation. Phd Thesis.
Kaloupsis S., Bogdanis G.C., Dimakopoulou E., Maridaki M. (2008). Anthropometric characteristics and somatotype of young Greek rowers. Biology of Sport, 25(1), 57-68.
Kobayashi K., Kitamura K., Miura M., Sodeyama H., Murasa Y., Miyashita M., Matsui H. (1978). Aerobic power as related to body growth and training in Japanese boys. A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 44, 666-672.
Kuipers H., Keizer A. (1988). Overtraining in elite athletes. Sports Medicine, 6, 79-92.
Lehmann M., Forster C., Keul J. (1993). Overtraining in endurance athletes: a brief review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 25, 854-61.
Maestu J., Jurimae J., Jurimae T. (2005). Hormonal response to maximal rowing before and after heavy increase in training volume in highly trained male rowers. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness, 45(1), 121-6.
Malina R., Meeleski B., Shoup R. (1982). Anthropometric, body composition and Maturity characteristics of selected school age athletes. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 29 (6), 1305-23.
Malina R.M., Bouchard C. (1991). Physical activity as a factor in growth, maturation and performance. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. Human Kinetics, Champaign I 11, p. 371-390.
Mansoubi M., Hojjat S., Shojaei M. (2013). Effect of national preparation training on salivary testosterone, cortisol, and some psychological factors on Iranian female rowers. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(2), 13-17.
Melkko J., Niemi S., Risteli L., Risteli J. (1990). Rarioimmunoassay of the Carboxyterminal propeptide of Human Type I Procollagen. Clinical Chemistry, 36(6):1328-1332.
Mero A., Jaakkola L., Komi P.V. (1990). Serum hormones and physical performance capacity in young boy athletes during a 1-year training period. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 60: 32-37.
Nemet D., Portal S., Zadik Z., Pliz-Burstein R., Adler-Portal D., Meckel Y., Eliakim A. (2012). Training increases anabolic response and reduces inflammatory response to a single practice in elite male adolescent volleyball players. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25 (9-10), 875-880.
Parizkova J. (1974). Particularities of lean body mass and fat development in growing boys as related to their motor activity. Acta Pediatrica belgica, 28(Suppl): 233-243.
Prader A. (1983). Biomedical and endocrinological aspect of normal growth and development. Biomedical Aspects of Normal Growth, 1-21.
Purge P., Jurimae J., Jurimae T. (2006). Hormonal and psychological adaptation in elite male rowers during prolonged training. Journal of Sports Science, 24(10), 1075-1082.
Ramos E., Frontera W.R., Liopart A., Feliciano D. (1998). Muscle strength and Hormonal Levels in Adolescents: Gender Related Differences. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19: 526-531.
Ramson R., Jurimae J., Jurimae T., Maestu J. (2012). The effect of 4-week training period on plasma neyropeptide Y, leptin and ghrelin response in male rowers. European Journal of applied Physiology, 112(5), 1873-1880.
Richter E.A. (1986). Hormones, exercise and skeletal muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Science, 8, 35-41.
Rogol A.D. (1994). Growth at puberty: interaction of androgens and growth hormone. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 767-70.
Rogol A.D., Clark P.A., Roemmich J.N. (2000). Growth and pubertal development in children and adolescents: effects of diet and physical activity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72 (suppl), 521S-8S.
Snegovskaya V., Viru A. (1993). Elevation of cortisol and growth hormone levels in the course of further improvement of performance capacity in trained rowers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14, 202-207.
Steinacker J.M., Lormes W., Kellmann M., et al. (2000). Training of junior rowers before world championships: effects on performance, mood state and selected hormonal and matabolic responses. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40, 327-35.
Szabo S., Doka J., Apor P., Somogyvar K. (1972). Die Beziehugh zwischen Knochenlebensalter funktionel anthropometrischen Daten und der aeroben kapazitat. Schweizerische Zeitschhrift Sportmedizin, 20, 109-115.
Tsolakis C., Bogdanis G.C. (2007). Influence of resistance training on anabolic hormones in prepubertal and pubertal males. Journal of Exercise Science and Physiology, 3(1), 1-11.
Tsolakis C., Messinis D., Stergioulas A., Dessypris A. (2000). Hormonal responses after training and detraining in prepubertal and pubertal boys. Journal of Strength and Conditional Research, 14(4), 399-404.
Tsolakis C., Xekouki P., Kaloupsis S., Karas D., Messinis D., Vagenas G., Dessypris A. (2003). The influence of exercise on growth hormone and testosterone in prepubertal and early-pubertal boys. Hormones, 2(2), 103-112.
Vernoorn C., Quist A.M., Vermulst L.J., et al. (1991). The bahavior of the plasma free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite rowing training. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(3), 257-63.
Wieland R.G., Chen J.C., Zorn E.M., Hallberg M.C. (1971). Correlation of growth pubertal staging, growth hormone, gonadotropins, and testosterone levels during pubertal growth spurt in males. Journal of Pediatrics. 79, 999-1002.
Zakas A., Mandroukas K., Karamouzis M., Panagiotopoulou G. (1994). Physical training, growth hormone and testosterone levels and blood pressure in prepubertal, pubertal and adolescent boys. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 4, 113-118.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2013-2024 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.
International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science
You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.