Endothelin-1 and Exercise Intensity in Sedentary Adolescents with Obesity

Brooke E. Starkoff, Ihuoma U. Eneli, Andrea E. Bonny, Robert P. Hoffman, Steven T. Devor

Abstract


Inactivity combined with obesity during adolescence increases the risk of future cardiovascular disease. The study purpose was to compare the influence of differing intensities of exercise on endothelial function in sedentary adolescents with obesity. Participants were randomized to one of two groups in a 6-week exercise intervention: moderate intensity (MOD) or high intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Endothelial function was assessed pre- and post-intervention via fasted serum levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Pre-measures of ET-1 concentrations were elevated at baseline. No significant differences in ET-1 were found between or within exercise groups. However, in the HIIE group, ET-1 was inversely associated with percentages of age predicted maximal heart rate achieved during the intervention (p=0.035, r=-0.567). The exercise interventions did not positively change ET-1 levels, yet participants who exercised at higher intensities in the HIIE group experienced greater decreases in ET-1.

Keywords: childhood obesity, endothelial function, high intensity interval exercise


Full Text:

PDF

References


Babraj, J. A., Vollaard, N. B., Keast, C., Guppy, F. M., Cottrell, G., & Timmons, J. A. (2009). Extremely short duration high intensity interval training substantially improves insulin action in young healthy males. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 9(1), 3.

Bartlett, J. D., Close, G. L., MacLaren, D. P., Gregson, W., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2011). High-intensity interval running is perceived to be more enjoyable than moderate-intensity continuous exercise: implications for exercise adherence. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(6), 547-553.

Berenson, G. S., Srinivasan, S. R., Bao, W., Newman, W. P., 3rd, Tracy, R. E., & Wattigney, W. A. (1998). Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. The New England journal of medicine, 338(23), 1650-1656. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806043382302

Boulanger, C., & Lüscher, T. (1990). Release of endothelin from the porcine aorta. Inhibition by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 85(2), 587.

Cao, Y., Tao, L., Yuan, Y., Jiao, X., Lau, W. B., Wang, Y., Christopher, T., Lopez, B., Chan, L., Goldsetin, B., & Ma, X. L. (2009). Endothelial dysfunction in adiponectin deficiency and its mechanisms involved. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 46(3), 413-419. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.10.014

Daniels, S. R. (2006). The Consequences of Childhood Overweight and Obesity. The Future of Children, 16(1), 47-67.

Davison, K. K., Marshall, S. J., & Birch, L. L. (2006). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between TV viewing and girls’ body mass index, overweight status, and percentage of body fat. The Journal of pediatrics, 149(1), 32-37.

Duck, M. M., & Hoffman, R. P. (2007). Impaired endothelial function in healthy African-American adolescents compared with Caucasians. The Journal of pediatrics, 150(4), 400-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.034

Ekelund, U., Anderssen, S. A., Froberg, K., Sardinha, L. B., Andersen, L. B., & Brage, S. (2007). Independent associations of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with metabolic risk factors in children: the European youth heart study. Diabetologia, 50(9), 1832-1840. doi: 10.1007/s00125-007-0762-5

Fox, S. M., 3rd, & Haskell, W. L. (1968). Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 44(8), 950-967.

Giordano, P., Del Vecchio, G. C., Cecinati, V., Delvecchio, M., Altomare, M., De Palma, F., De MAttia, D., Cavallo, L., & Faienza, M. F. (2011). Metabolic, inflammatory, endothelial and haemostatic markers in a group of Italian obese children and adolescents. European Journal of Pediatrics, 170(7), 845-850. doi: 10.1007/s00431-010-1356-7

Głowińska, B., Urban, M., Hryniewicz, A., Peczyńska, J., Florys, B., & Al-Hwish, M. (2004). Endothelin-1 plasma concentration in children and adolescents with atherogenic risk factors. Kardiologia Polska, 61(10), 329-338.

Gopinath, B., Baur, L., Hardy, L., Kifley, A., Rose, K., Wong, T., & Mitchell, P. (2011). Relationship between a range of sedentary behaviours and blood pressure during early adolescence. Journal of Human Hypertension, 26(6), 350-356.

Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Sobol, A. M., Peterson, K., Colditz, G. A., & Dietz, W. H. (1996). Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 150(4), 356-362.

Green, D. J., Maiorana, A., O'Driscoll, G., & Taylor, R. (2004). Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. The Journal of physiology, 561(Pt 1), 1-25. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.068197

Gutin, B., Barbeau, P., Owens, S., Lemmon, C. R., Bauman, M., Allison, J., Kang, H. S., & Litaker, M. S. (2002). Effects of exercise intensity on cardiovascular fitness, total body composition, and visceral adiposity of obese adolescents. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(5), 818-826.

Hardy, L. L., Bass, S. L., & Booth, M. L. (2007). Changes in Sedentary Behavior among Adolescent Girls: A 2.5-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 158-165.

Kelly, A. S., Wetzsteon, R. J., Kaiser, D. R., Steinberger, J., Bank, A. J., & Dengel, D. R. (2004). Inflammation, insulin, and endothelial function in overweight children and adolescents: the role of exercise. The Journal of pediatrics, 145(6), 731-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.08.004

Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Guo, S. S., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Flegal, K. M., Mei, Z., Wei, R., Curtin, L. R., Roche, A. F., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital and health statistics. Series 11, Data from the national health survey(246), 1-190.

Laufs, U., Wassmann, S., Czech, T., Münzel, T., Eisenhauer, M., Böhm, M., & Nickenig, G. (2005). Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 25(4), 809-814.

Little, J. P., Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Safdar, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Punthakee, Z., Jung, M. E., & Gibala, M. J. (2011). Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 1554-1560.

Lohman, T. G. (1989). Assessment of body composition in children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 1(1), 19-30.

Maeda, S., Miyauchi, T., Kakiyama, T., Sugawara, J., Iemitsu, M., Irukayama-Tomobe, Y., Murakami, H., Kumagai, Y., Kuno, S., & Matsuda, M. (2001). Effects of exercise training of 8 weeks and detraining on plasma levels of endothelium-derived factors, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, in healthy young humans. Life Sciences, 69(9), 1005-1016.

Mahon, A. D., Marjerrison, A. D., Lee, J. D., Woodruff, M. E., & Hanna, L. E. (2010). Evaluating the prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(4), 466-471.

Martinez-Gomez, D., Eisenmann, J. C., Healy, G. N., Gomez-Martinez, S., Diaz, L. E., Dunstan, D. W., Veiga, O. L., & Marcos, A.(2012). Sedentary behaviors and emerging cardiometabolic biomarkers in adolescents. The Journal of pediatrics, 160(1), 104-110.

Martinez-Gomez, D., Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Veiga, O. L., Widhalm, K., Manios, Y., Beghin, L., Valtuena, J., & Kafatos, A. (2011). Excessive sedentary time and low cardiorespiratory fitness in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, archdischild187161.

Mather, K. J., Mirzamohammadi, B., Lteif, A., Steinberg, H. O., & Baron, A. D. (2002). Endothelin contributes to basal vascular tone and endothelial dysfunction in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 51(12), 3517-3523.

Nosova, E. V., Yen, P., Chong, K. C., Alley, H. F., Stock, E. O., Quinn, A., Hellmann, K., Conte, M. S., Owens, C. D., Spite, M., & Grenon, S. M. (2014). Short-term physical inactivity impairs vascular function. Journal of Surgical Research, 190(2), 672-682. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.02.001

Nyberg, M., Mortensen, S. P., & Hellsten, Y. (2012). Physical activity opposes the age-related increase in skeletal muscle and plasma endothelin-1 levels and normalizes plasma endothelin-1 levels in individuals with essential hypertension. Acta physiologica, 207(3), 524-535. doi: 10.1111/apha.12048

Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010. JAMA, 307(5), 483-490.

Pahkala, K., Heinonen, O. J., Lagström, H., Hakala, P., Hakanen, M., Hernelahti, M., Ruottinen, S., Sillanmaki, L., Ronnemaa, T., & Viikari, J. (2012). Clustered metabolic risk and leisure-time physical activity in adolescents: effect of dose? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(2), 131-137.

Reinehr, T., Kiess, W., de Sousa, G., Stoffel-Wagner, B., & Wunsch, R. (2006). Intima media thickness in childhood obesity: relations to inflammatory marker, glucose metabolism, and blood pressure. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 55(1), 113-118. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.016

Rey-López, J., Bel-Serrat, S., Santaliestra-Pasías, A., de Moraes, A., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Ruiz, J., Atero, E. G., Martinez-Gomez, D., Gottrand, F., & De Henauw, S. (2013). Sedentary behaviour and clustered metabolic risk in adolescents: The HELENA study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(10), 1017-1024.

Rey-Lopez, J. P., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Biosca, M., & Moreno, L. A. (2008). Sedentary behaviour and obesity development in children and adolescents. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 18(3), 242-251.

Starkoff, B. E., Eneli, I. U., Bonny, A. E., Hoffman, R. P., & Devor, S. T. (2014). Estimated Aerobic Capacity Changes in Adolescents with Obesity Following High Intensity Interval Exercise. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 2(3), 1-8.

Tjonna, A. E., Rognmo, O., Bye, A., Stolen, T. O., & Wisloff, U. (2011). Time course of endothelial adaptation after acute and chronic exercise in patients with metabolic syndrome. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, 25(9), 2552-2558. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fb4809

Tjonna, A. E., Stolen, T. O., Bye, A., Volden, M., Slordahl, S. A., Odegard, R., Skogvoll, E., & Wisloff, U. (2009). Aerobic interval training reduces cardiovascular risk factors more than a multitreatment approach in overweight adolescents. Clinical Science, 116(4), 317-326. doi: 10.1042/CS20080249

Van Guilder, G. P., Westby, C. M., Greiner, J. J., Stauffer, B. L., & DeSouza, C. A. (2007). Endothelin-1 vasoconstrictor tone increases with age in healthy men but can be reduced by regular aerobic exercise. Hypertension, 50(2), 403-409.

Wang, J., Thornton, J., Kolesnik, S., & Pierson, R. (2000). Anthropometry in body composition: an overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 904(1), 317-326.

Warburton, D. E., McKenzie, D. C., Haykowsky, M. J., Taylor, A., Shoemaker, P., Ignaszewski, A. P., & Chan, S. Y. (2005). Effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for the rehabilitation of patients with coronary artery disease. The American journal of cardiology, 95(9), 1080-1084.

Watts, K., Beye, P., Siafarikas, A., Davis, E. A., Jones, T. W., O'Driscoll, G., & Green, D. J. (2004). Exercise training normalizes vascular dysfunction and improves central adiposity in obese adolescents. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(10), 1823-1827. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.01.032

Watts, K., Beye, P., Siafarikas, A., O'Driscoll, G., Jones, T. W., Davis, E. A., & Green, D. J. (2004). Effects of exercise training on vascular function in obese children. The Journal of pediatrics, 144(5), 620-625. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.02.027

Wisloff, U., Stoylen, A., Loennechen, J. P., Bruvold, M., Rognmo, O., Haram, P. M., Tjonna, A. E., Helgerud, J., Slordahl, S. A., Lee, S. J., Videm, V., Bye, A., Smith, G. L., Najjar, S. M., Ellingsen, O., & Skjaerpe, T. (2007). Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation, 115(24), 3086-3094. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675041

Woo, K. S., Chook, P., Yu, C. W., Sung, R. Y., Qiao, M., Leung, S. S., Lam, C. W., Matrewell, C., & Celermajer, D. S. (2004). Effects of diet and exercise on obesity-related vascular dysfunction in children. Circulation, 109(16), 1981-1986. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000126599.47470.BE


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2013-2024 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.